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J. GRAF, T. KUES, C. MATTOGNO, <strong>SOBIBÓR</strong> 357 The local Jews spoke at least one of four closely related Slavic languages – Russian, Belorussian, Ukrainian and Polish – current in the area and usually in addition to Yiddish. Three waves of deportations had swept a large part, if not the majority, of the ethnic Polish Jews into the inner or eastern regions of the USSR: The refugees coming from the German zone of occupation were deported to the extent that they did not take on Soviet citizenship. After the German invasion of 1941, large portions of the Jewish population in the western regions were evacuated before the Germans arrived. 1063 Finally we have the mass deportations reported in the American Jewish Yearbook in 1949. Under these conditions the Polish Jews deported to the East by the German authorities in 1942 and 1943 could have inconspicuously blend into Soviet Jewry in general. The situation of the non-Polish Jews who found themselves in the occupied eastern territories was entirely different. We shall now present several instances of unassailable evidence to show that the “Migration to the East” was far from being a “myth” for these Jews, as R. Hilberg would have it, but solid reality. 10.4. Western Jews in the Eastern Territories 10.4.1. Steffen Werner’s White Ruthenia Hypothesis In his book The Second Babylonian Captivity 1064 Steffen Werner presents a large amount of circumstantial evidence for the deportation of Jews to White Ruthenia. Among them we have utterances by Hitler who justified himself in a small circle of close collaborators for having sent the Jews “into the mud.” Werner takes the “mud” to have been the Pripyet swamps in White Ruthenia, which the Jews allegedly were to clear. This hypothesis is supported by other sources. Gerhard Reitlinger says: 1065 “A letter from Rosenberg’s office, dated October 25 th [1942], shows that it was intended to select the able-bodied to work behind the Eastern front. Later, there were some rumours that Jews had 1063 Concerning these deportations cf. primarily Walter Sanning, The Dissolution of Eastern European Jewry, Institute for Historical Review, Torrance (CA), 1983. 1064 Steffen Werner, Die zweite babylonische Gefangenschaft, private edition 1990. A second edition was published in 1991 by Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen. 1065 Gerald Reitlinger, op. cit. (note 560), 1968, p. 90f.
358 J. GRAF, T. KUES, C. MATTOGNO, <strong>SOBIBÓR</strong> been sent from �od� to the land reclamation scheme in the Pripet Marshes and to the Jewish agricultural colonies near Krivoi Rog in the Ukraine”. That such reports were not merely “rumors” is borne out by a letter written on 21 June 1942 by Walter Föhl, who was Head of the Main Department with the Reich commissar for the Consolidation of German Ethnicity. 1066 The letter was addressed to an unknown member of the SS, a section of which reads: 1067 “Every day now, we have been receiving trains, each with 1,000 Jews from Europe, processing them and housing them in one way or another, and sending them on, right into the swamps of White Ruthenia towards the Arctic Ocean; that is where they will all find themselves when the war is over – if they survive (and the Jews from the Kurfürstendamm or from Vienna or Pressburg surely will not) – not without having built a few motorways. (But we should not talk about that.)” Highly significant in this connection is another quote from Werner’s book, a text from a book entitled Sowjetische Partisanen und deutsche Antifaschisten (Soviet Partisans and German Antifascists), which appeared in communist East Germany in 1976: 1068 “Within the brotherly family of the Belorussian partisans, Czechs and Slovaks, Frenchmen and Yugoslavs, Greeks and Dutchmen, Spaniards and Austrians, Germans and members of other nations fought courageously against fascism. The Communist Party and the Soviet government attached great importance to the heroic fight of these true internationalists. For their antifascist fight alongside the partisan units of Belorussia and for the heroic deeds they accomplished, orders and medals of the USSR were conferred i.a. to 703 Poles, 188 Slovaks, 32 Czechs, 36 Greeks, 25 Germans, 24 Spaniards and 14 Frenchmen.” The presence of Poles (both Jewish and non-Jewish) in Byelorussia can be explained by the fact that they came from the western regions of 1066 Reichshauptstellenleiter der Dienststelle Reichskommissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums (RKF) 1067 Fritz Arlt, Polen-, Ukrainer-, Juden-Politik, Wissenschaftlicher Buchdienst Herbert Tage, Lindhorst 1995, p. 22. Fritz Arlt had been part of the Main Department with the Reich commissar for the Consolidation of German Ethnicity in his function as head of the office for Upper Silesia. 1068 Heinz Kühnrich (ed.), In den Wäldern Belorusslands. Erinnerungen sowjetischer Partisanen und deutscher Antifaschisten, Dietz, East-Berlin 1976, p. 9.
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