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J. GRAF, T. KUES, C. MATTOGNO, <strong>SOBIBÓR</strong> 139 tial average of 69.4 kg to 52.6 kg at the end of the period. On average they lost 16.8 kg or 24.4%, split up in the following manner: 411 � Water: 37% of total loss or 6.2 kg � Proteins: 9% of total loss or 1.5 kg � Fat: 54% of total loss or 9.1 kg As we have seen above, the heat loss brought about by the loss of 1.5 kg of proteins is the equivalent of the heat necessary to evaporate (1.5×5.5=) 8.2 kg of water, whereas the 9.1 kg of fat lost would have evaporated (9.1×9.6=) 86.3 kg of water, for a total of 94.5 kg of water. Since body water dropped by only 6.2 kg during the emaciation process, the negative effect of the loss of fat and proteins is enormous, corresponding as it does to the heat of vaporization of (94.5 – 6.2 =) 88.3 kg of water. In other words, the loss of 6.2 kg of body water saves some 6.2×(640+0.493×700) � 6,100 kcal in terms of fuel requirements, as opposed to a loss of available fuel of (9.1×9,500+1.5×5,400) � 94,500 kcal caused by the loss of body fat and proteins. This results in a negative balance of some 88,400 kcal, the equivalent of 23 kg of dry wood. In conclusion it may be said that, even though the average weight of the deportees may actually have been lower 412 than the values computed above, this would not have brought about any benefit as far as the thermal balance is concerned; on the contrary, it would have constituted a disadvantage, as it would have raised the fuel requirements. 5.3.6. Factors Influencing the Cremation Available information on the burning of carcasses tells us that there are two factors favoring the combustion: the fat content of the carcasses and the dryness of the wood: “A very important factor observed during the incineration process was that carcass body fat added significantly to the incineration rate. It was observed that the small carcasses weighing less than 100 pounds [45 kg] were not incinerated as quickly as the carcasses with increased body fat. The body fat appeared to increase the incineration rate and provide higher burn temperatures.” 413 411 Flamini Fidanza, “Effects of starvation on body composition,” www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/33/7/1562.pdf 412 But T. Blatt writes: “There was no end to the quest for efficiency: it was found that the pyres burned hotter if fat women were alternated with the wood.” T. Blatt, op. cit. (note 17), p. 18. 413 “Swine carcass disposal evaluation using Air Curtain Incinerator System, Model T-359,”
140 J. GRAF, T. KUES, C. MATTOGNO, <strong>SOBIBÓR</strong> “Open-air burning is the most lengthy of all incineration processes. The type of species burned influences the length of time; the greater the percentage of animal fat, the more efficient [sic] a carcass will burn […]. Swine have a higher fat content than other species and will burn most quickly […].” 395 As far as the second factor is concerned, it has been ascertained that “dry wood for fuel is critical to ensuring a proper air/fuel mixture”; 395 furthermore, “experience gained in North Carolina in 1999 (following Hurricane Floyd) and Texas (following flooding in 1998) confirms the importance of having dry wood for incineration”; 395 finally, “kindling wood should be dry, have a low moisture content, and not come from green vegetation.” 395 This became evident during a poorly run incineration: 395 “An excellent example of trial-and-error occurred during the 2002 AI[avian influenza]-related disposal effort in Virginia: After burning several tons of [poultry] carcasses at an extremely slow rate, it was quickly determined that wood from the landfill was not a good fuel source due to its high moisture content.” We must also look at the quality of the burning process: 414 “Smoke from such fires can be high in particulates and/or produce offensive odors if the burn is not complete.” Obviously, “successful burning of carcasses is somewhat dependent on weather conditions (rain can hamper effectiveness).” 414 5.3.7. Wood Requirements for Corpse Cremation at Sobibór These considerations having been set forth, we will now return to the cremation of the alleged corpses at Sobibór. As the corpses already buried could not be burned with an amount of fuel lower than that need for fresh corpses, even needing more fuel in all likelihood, it is safe to assume a ratio of 3.5 kg of dry wood per kg of body weight for all corpses. Before attempting to evaluate the amount of wood needed for the cremation, we must first go back to the description of the operations December 19 - 20, 1994. Pilot Point, Texas. U.S. Department of Agriculture/Texas Animal Health Commission, www.airburners.com/DATA-FILES_Tech/ab_swine_report.pdf 414 B. Ellis, “Carcass Disposal Issues in Recent Disasters, Accepted Methods, and Suggested Plan to Mitigate Future Events,” http://ecommons.txstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1068&context=arp
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