Design of an Automatic Control Algorithm for Energy-Efficient ...

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3 System description 32 influences like air temperature it can be written as follows: �� (3.37) This relationship can be measured and put into a look-up table. Another way are prede- fined and limited flap positions which are calibrated once and then only used in combi- nation. This is found in many cars as a control option for the air distribution and in its simplest case for the recirculation flap (full/none). 3.3 The heat pump The heat pump is based on a thermodynamic cycle that is able to transport heat efficiently by the means of a compressed (and condensed) refrigerant and a subsequent expansion. One example is the cooling in today’s cars which is done this way. The simplified func- tioning of such a cycle is seen in Figure 3.9. �� Figure 3.9: A simple vapour-compression refrigeration cycle diagram. In an electric car the same concept as for the cooling should be used for the heating in one single cycle. This requires a more complex system, additional valves and slightly different components. Even more complexity is added by using the electric components as a heat sink (and source) as well and not only the ambient air Such a complex heat pump cycle with all its valves (in Figure 3.10 denoted as “V”), expansion valves (“EV”) and an internal heat exchanger (“IHX”) to increase efficiency is
3 System description 33 shown in Figure 3.10 in two different operation modes (valve positions). This complex structure has a lot of potential to save energy. In winter “waste heat” from the electric components can help to give a comfortable climate in the car. Moreover, no additional cooling mechanism for the components is required since this can be done with the heat pump as seen in 3.10(b). Dehumidification becomes much more efficient if not the cooling and the heating energy have to be provided but only the difference. Heating-Cabin V1 Compressor V4 HVAC EV1 EV3 EV2 EV4 PTC-Heater Condenser Evaporator E-Machine-Chiller Battery-Chiller Receiver V7 IHX Evaporator (a) Heating the cabin V8 Mixed Air Flap V3 V2 V6 V5 Cooling-Cabin/Battery V1 Compressor V4 HVAC EV1 EV3 EV2 EV4 PTC-Heater Condenser Evaporator E-Machine-Chiller Battery-Chiller Receiver V7 IHX Condenser Mixed Air Flap (b) Cooling the cabin and the battery Figure 3.10: The heat pump system planned for the ePerformance project. [19] Such a system also has its drawbacks. Apart from the higher material costs which are due to the big number of components, a more complicated and sophisticated control system is required to manage all these possibilities and different needs and requirements. In the following chapters the way how to include a heat pump will be mentioned. However, no detailed formulas or implementation will be given because this would go beyond the scope of this work. V8 V3 V2 V6 V5
Page 1: ISSN 0280-5316 ISRN LUTFD2/TFRT--58
Page 5: Diploma thesis subject Problem stat
Page 8 and 9: Acknowledgements ii Acknowledgement
Page 10 and 11: Acknowledgements iv 3.1.4 Windscree
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgements vi 8.5 System simu
Page 14 and 15: Nomenclature viii Nomenclature Symb
Page 16 and 17: Nomenclature x Other symbols Symbol
Page 18 and 19: Nomenclature xii Subscript Descript
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction Energy consumption t
Page 23 and 24: 1 Introduction 3 adjustment of the
Page 25 and 26: 2 Control objectives 5 2.1 Windscre
Page 27 and 28: 2 Control objectives 7 2.2 Comfort
Page 29 and 30: 2 Control objectives 9 � Metaboli
Page 31 and 32: 2 Control objectives 11 ��
Page 33 and 34: 2 Control objectives 13 Figure 2.6:
Page 35 and 36: 2 Control objectives 15 2.4 Influen
Page 37 and 38: 3 System description 17 or heat com
Page 39 and 40: 3 System description 19 calculated
Page 41 and 42: 3 System description 21 ��
Page 43 and 44: 3 System description 23 � � �
Page 45 and 46: 3 System description 25 defrost tem
Page 47 and 48: 3 System description 27 Figure 3.4:
Page 49 and 50: 3 System description 29 width modul
Page 51: 3 System description 31 ��
Page 55 and 56: 3 System description 35 of performa
Page 57 and 58: 4 Control strategy The main goal of
Page 59 and 60: 4 Control strategy 39 limits are di
Page 61 and 62: 4 Control strategy 41 ��
Page 63 and 64: 4 Control strategy 43 cabin. This s
Page 65 and 66: 4 Control strategy 45 controlled. T
Page 67 and 68: 5 The disturbance estimator 47 in e
Page 69 and 70: 6 The optimiser: an evolutionary al
Page 89 and 90: 7 The HVAC-system controller 69 �
Page 91 and 92: 7 The HVAC-system controller 71 7.5
Page 93 and 94: 8 System and functionality integrat
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8 System and functionality integrat
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9 The MUTE project 95 order to fit
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10 Hardware and characteristics of
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11 Matlab implementation The climat
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11 Matlab implementation 111 Only r
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11 Matlab implementation 113 left i
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11 Matlab implementation 115 tion a
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12 Controller evaluation 117 ��
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12 Controller evaluation 119 be not
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12 Controller evaluation 121 Number
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12 Controller evaluation 123 Table
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12 Controller evaluation 125 In the
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12 Controller evaluation 127 ��
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13 Conclusion 129 13.2 Possible imp
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Bibliography [1] Holger Großmann.
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Bibliography 133 [22] M. Wang, T.M.
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Appendices
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B In- and outputs The interface bet
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Signal Unit Range Type Comment Stat
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In- and outputs 141 B.3 Error codes
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and system parameters 2 concentrati
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Simulation parameters 145 C.2 Contr
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Simulation parameters 147 Panic han
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Simulation parameters 149 C.5 Test
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Additional simulation results 151 D
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Optimiser code 153 real_T ∗panic_
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Optimiser code 155 52 return 10; 54
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Optimiser code 157 138 /∗ return
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Optimiser code 159 230 ∗/ ∗ ===
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Optimiser code 161 ∗ IMEA_breedin
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Optimiser code 163 414 } 416 } } st
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Optimiser code 165 if (sortedPop [
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Optimiser code 167 596 ∗ Printout
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Optimiser code 169 690 ∗ Latest R
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