Design of an Automatic Control Algorithm for Energy-Efficient ...

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3 System description 28 Figure 3.5: System and fan characteristics in a car for different fan voltages. [1] through flap position changes could be included. One factor that can be at least estimated is the inlet pressure change due to the cars speed [1]. ¡� � � �� ¡ � �� ¡ � � ¡ �� ¡� Pressure rise at the air inlet [��] � �� Pressure coefficient [-] Air density [ �� ] The cars speed [ � � ] (3.23) The pressure coefficient is given by Großmann with a value between 0.1 and 0.3. This pressure rise is only valid for full fresh air. For a partial recirculation a lot depends on the geometry of the flap at the inlet. For this reason no general relation can be given. Some cars have a so-called “ram door”, a flap at the fresh air inlet, to reduce the influence of the car speed and prevent air flow into the cabin through the recirculation path. For a good air flow estimation without any flow or pressure sensors in the car a lot of experiments and curves are needed. The fan’s power consumption is governed by the desired air mass flow and by its motor control. In manual controlled HVAC-systems series resistors lowering the voltage to the fan are often used. This method is very cheap and sufficient for switching between three or four speeds. The resistance also consumes power, though, making this control not very energy efficient. The modern version is realising the motor control through pulse
3 System description 29 width modulation (PWM). By switching very fast between 0 and 12 Volt the device is able to make the fan “see” different voltages depending on the pulse width. The result is a very energy efficient, continuous control. It is, however, more expensive due to the required electronics. 3.2.2 Air mixing � � �� Figure 3.6: Adiabatic air mixing. Fresh air and recirculated air are mixed at the recirculation flap. The resulting inlet air (subscript 3, see Figure 3.6) has the following properties: �� ¡ �� ¡ �� ¡ �� ¡ �� ¡ �� (3.26) with �� ¡ � � � � ��¡� � � � �� ¡ � �� ¡ �� ¡ �� ¡ ¡� � � � � �� ¡ � �� (3.24) (3.25) (3.27) The same equations are valid after the air mix flap where warm air coming from the heat exchanger and cool air coming directly from the evaporator are mixed. The humidity of the air streams is equal in this case (� �� ). 3.2.3 Dehumidification Dehumidification happens in the evaporator if the air becomes colder than the dew point temperature (see Figure 2.1). This process is shown in Figure 3.7 and can be described
Page 1: ISSN 0280-5316 ISRN LUTFD2/TFRT--58
Page 5: Diploma thesis subject Problem stat
Page 8 and 9: Acknowledgements ii Acknowledgement
Page 10 and 11: Acknowledgements iv 3.1.4 Windscree
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgements vi 8.5 System simu
Page 14 and 15: Nomenclature viii Nomenclature Symb
Page 16 and 17: Nomenclature x Other symbols Symbol
Page 18 and 19: Nomenclature xii Subscript Descript
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction Energy consumption t
Page 23 and 24: 1 Introduction 3 adjustment of the
Page 25 and 26: 2 Control objectives 5 2.1 Windscre
Page 27 and 28: 2 Control objectives 7 2.2 Comfort
Page 29 and 30: 2 Control objectives 9 � Metaboli
Page 31 and 32: 2 Control objectives 11 ��
Page 33 and 34: 2 Control objectives 13 Figure 2.6:
Page 35 and 36: 2 Control objectives 15 2.4 Influen
Page 37 and 38: 3 System description 17 or heat com
Page 39 and 40: 3 System description 19 calculated
Page 41 and 42: 3 System description 21 ��
Page 43 and 44: 3 System description 23 � � �
Page 45 and 46: 3 System description 25 defrost tem
Page 47: 3 System description 27 Figure 3.4:
Page 51 and 52: 3 System description 31 ��
Page 53 and 54: 3 System description 33 shown in Fi
Page 55 and 56: 3 System description 35 of performa
Page 57 and 58: 4 Control strategy The main goal of
Page 59 and 60: 4 Control strategy 39 limits are di
Page 61 and 62: 4 Control strategy 41 ��
Page 63 and 64: 4 Control strategy 43 cabin. This s
Page 65 and 66: 4 Control strategy 45 controlled. T
Page 67 and 68: 5 The disturbance estimator 47 in e
Page 69 and 70: 6 The optimiser: an evolutionary al
Page 89 and 90: 7 The HVAC-system controller 69 �
Page 91 and 92: 7 The HVAC-system controller 71 7.5
Page 93 and 94: 8 System and functionality integrat
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8 System and functionality integrat
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9 The MUTE project 95 order to fit
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10 Hardware and characteristics of
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11 Matlab implementation The climat
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11 Matlab implementation 111 Only r
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11 Matlab implementation 113 left i
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11 Matlab implementation 115 tion a
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12 Controller evaluation 117 ��
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12 Controller evaluation 119 be not
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12 Controller evaluation 121 Number
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12 Controller evaluation 123 Table
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12 Controller evaluation 125 In the
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12 Controller evaluation 127 ��
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13 Conclusion 129 13.2 Possible imp
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Bibliography [1] Holger Großmann.
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Bibliography 133 [22] M. Wang, T.M.
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Appendices
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B In- and outputs The interface bet
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Signal Unit Range Type Comment Stat
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In- and outputs 141 B.3 Error codes
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and system parameters 2 concentrati
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Simulation parameters 145 C.2 Contr
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Simulation parameters 147 Panic han
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Simulation parameters 149 C.5 Test
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Additional simulation results 151 D
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Optimiser code 153 real_T ∗panic_
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Optimiser code 155 52 return 10; 54
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Optimiser code 157 138 /∗ return
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Optimiser code 159 230 ∗/ ∗ ===
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Optimiser code 161 ∗ IMEA_breedin
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Optimiser code 163 414 } 416 } } st
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Optimiser code 165 if (sortedPop [
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Optimiser code 167 596 ∗ Printout
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Optimiser code 169 690 ∗ Latest R
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