Market Survey on Copper - Indian Bureau of Mines
Market Survey on Copper - Indian Bureau of Mines Market Survey on Copper - Indian Bureau of Mines
is used as fuel. Unlike plastic tubing, copper does not burn, melt or release noxious or toxic fuels in the event of fire. Copper tubes also help protect water systems from potentially lethal bacteria. The copper is used in buildings in a wide range of builder’s hardware or architectural ironmongery. Builder’s hardware is made of copper alloys such as architectural bronze. Hinges, locks, catches and stays for windows & doors and fasteners, such as, screws, washers, and nuts and bolts are all made of copper and its alloys. Although they tend to be more expensive than iron and steel fittings, which may be galvanized or otherwise coated to improve their corrosion resistance or their appearance, brass and bronze fittings are selected because they are widely regarded by consumers and specifiers as being of higher quality. On an average, a single family house uses 199 kg of copper and an average multi-family unit uses 126 kg of copper in various applications such as building wire, plumbing tube, fitting, valves, plumber’s brass goods, built-in-appliances, builder’s hardware and other wires and tubes in developed countries. 2.1.7 Transport Copper is used in the cooling fans and water tubes used in the production of both radiators and heaters in automobiles. Automobiles rely on copper motors, wiring connectors, brakes and bearings. A medium size automobile contains about 22.5 kg of copper. Electric and hybrid vehicles can contain even higher quantity of copper. An average motorised farm vehicle uses 28.5 kg of copper while construction vehicle uses an average of 30 kg and about 2% of total weight of a Boeing 747-200 Jet Plane is copper. Copper is also used extensively in new generation air planes and trains. New high speed train can use 2-4 tonnes of copper as compared to 1-2 tonnes used in traditional electric trains. This is the scenario mostly in developed countries. Copper and its alloys are used in all major forms of transportation. Copper nickel alloys are used on the hulls of boards and ships and other offshore structures to reduce marine bio-fouling, thereby reducing drag and improving fuel consumption. 2.1.8 Coinage Copper has been used by various countries to make coins for currency since the beginning of civilisation. Despite increased use of credit card and cheque transactions, the coinage is still important. Coins are minted mainly from ingot and strip but up to 10% of the total material used is from recycled coins. Coins can be used which may have a useful life of 20-40 years or more, instead of paper notes which have a very short-useful life, especially for lower denominations. 2.1.9 Ordnance The use of copper in ordnance obviously varies according to the levels of hunting and sporting activities and the level of armed conflict or insurgency. 10
There are good reasons why the consumption of copper in ordnance should go unrecorded. Some of the major powers have imposed restrictions on the shipment of ornaments and ordnance to belligerent states and insurgency operations around the world. Copper and copper based products are used in offices, household and work places for decorative wares. Locks and keys are just some of the products where copper is extensively consumed. 2.1.10 Copper Compounds Copper has four oxidation states, but only two of them copper (I)(cuprous) and copper (II)(cupric) are common or have any commercial importance. A wide range of copper compounds is used in agricultural and industrial end uses, mainly as pesticides which will be transparent as much as 3 or 4 mm, it is generally applied as a thin layer on a much thicker substratum. The rate of application required to produce the required range of colours is 2.5 to 5 kg of cuprous oxide per tonne of glass. The total demand for this oxide of copper in the colouring glass is relatively small. 2.1.11 Copper Alloy Pure copper contains 99.99% copper, a number of copper alloys are made with the addition of other metals in varying proportion for enhancing one or the other property. The alloys are made as cast copper alloys and wrought copper alloys. Cast copper alloys have a greater range of alloying elements than wrought copper alloys. Wrought copper alloys are produced using a variety of different production methods such as annealing, cold working, and hardening by heat treatments or stress relieving. Within the wrought and cast categories for copper alloys, the composition can be divided into the following main families. I ) Pure Copper: It has copper content of 99.3% or higher. II) High copper alloys-Wrought High Copper alloys: It has copper contents of less than 99.3% but more than 95%. Cast High Copper alloys have copper contents in excess of 94%. III) Brasses- contain zinc as the principal alloying element. Brasses are divided into two major categories. The Alfa alloys with less than 37% zinc. These alloys are ductile and can be cold worked and the Alfa/beta or duplex alloys with 37-45% zinc. These alloys have limited cold ductility and are typically harder and stronger. There are three types of wrought alloy brasses: a) Copper-zinc alloys, b) Copper-zinc alloys (leaded brasses), c) Copper-zinc-tin alloys (tin brasses) and cast brass alloys contain four types of alloys. i) Copper-Zinc-tin alloys 11
- Page 2 and 3: GOVERNM G MENT OF IN NDIA MINISTRRY
- Page 4 and 5: PREFACE The present report on <stro
- Page 6 and 7: List of Annexures Annexure:3- I Lis
- Page 8 and 9: List of Figures Page No. Figure 2.1
- Page 10 and 11: Chapter 1. Introduction The <strong
- Page 12 and 13: Figure : 2.1 - Propperties of Coopp
- Page 15 and 16: Building & Construction n 5% Transp
- Page 17 and 18: The end-use of copper is determined
- Page 19: a) Heat Exchangers and Condensers C
- Page 23 and 24: Class & type ASTM Design -ations Ta
- Page 25 and 26: 2.3 SPECIFICATIONS The specificatio
- Page 27 and 28: Chapter 3. Supply Copper is an impo
- Page 29 and 30: State/District Jharkhand Reserve Re
- Page 31 and 32: State/District Reserve Remaining Re
- Page 33 and 34: Sl. No. Table: 3.3- Statewise Resou
- Page 35 and 36: State District Deposit Name Dhadkid
- Page 37 and 38: State District Deposit Name Chandma
- Page 39 and 40: mineralisation. Copper ore is found
- Page 45 and 46: Beneficiation of copper ore depends
- Page 47 and 48: B) Concentration (Froth Flotation)
- Page 49 and 50: of frother molecule leads to its ad
- Page 51 and 52: 3.2.2 Smelting Copper is extracted
- Page 53 and 54: a) low capital and operating cost b
- Page 55 and 56: a large extent by volatisation of t
- Page 57 and 58: indicated is a very slow process an
- Page 59 and 60: eaction is identical to that in ele
- Page 61 and 62: ii) Malanjkhand Copper Project The
- Page 63 and 64: silver, selenium, tellurium, nickel
- Page 65 and 66: ladle crane to the Pierce Smith Con
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There are good reas<strong>on</strong>s why the c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> copper in ordnance<br />
should go unrecorded. Some <strong>of</strong> the major powers have imposed restricti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong><br />
the shipment <strong>of</strong> ornaments and ordnance to belligerent states and insurgency<br />
operati<strong>on</strong>s around the world.<br />
<strong>Copper</strong> and copper based products are used in <strong>of</strong>fices, household and<br />
work places for decorative wares. Locks and keys are just some <strong>of</strong> the products<br />
where copper is extensively c<strong>on</strong>sumed.<br />
2.1.10 <strong>Copper</strong> Compounds<br />
<strong>Copper</strong> has four oxidati<strong>on</strong> states, but <strong>on</strong>ly two <strong>of</strong> them copper<br />
(I)(cuprous) and copper (II)(cupric) are comm<strong>on</strong> or have any commercial<br />
importance. A wide range <strong>of</strong> copper compounds is used in agricultural and<br />
industrial end uses, mainly as pesticides which will be transparent as much as 3<br />
or 4 mm, it is generally applied as a thin layer <strong>on</strong> a much thicker substratum.<br />
The rate <strong>of</strong> applicati<strong>on</strong> required to produce the required range <strong>of</strong> colours is 2.5<br />
to 5 kg <strong>of</strong> cuprous oxide per t<strong>on</strong>ne <strong>of</strong> glass. The total demand for this oxide <strong>of</strong><br />
copper in the colouring glass is relatively small.<br />
2.1.11 <strong>Copper</strong> Alloy<br />
Pure copper c<strong>on</strong>tains 99.99% copper, a number <strong>of</strong> copper alloys are<br />
made with the additi<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> other metals in varying proporti<strong>on</strong> for enhancing <strong>on</strong>e<br />
or the other property. The alloys are made as cast copper alloys and wrought<br />
copper alloys. Cast copper alloys have a greater range <strong>of</strong> alloying elements than<br />
wrought copper alloys. Wrought copper alloys are produced using a variety <strong>of</strong><br />
different producti<strong>on</strong> methods such as annealing, cold working, and hardening by<br />
heat treatments or stress relieving. Within the wrought and cast categories for<br />
copper alloys, the compositi<strong>on</strong> can be divided into the following main families.<br />
I ) Pure <strong>Copper</strong>: It has copper c<strong>on</strong>tent <strong>of</strong> 99.3% or higher.<br />
II) High copper alloys-Wrought High <strong>Copper</strong> alloys: It has copper c<strong>on</strong>tents <strong>of</strong><br />
less than 99.3% but more than 95%. Cast High <strong>Copper</strong> alloys have copper<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tents in excess <strong>of</strong> 94%.<br />
III) Brasses- c<strong>on</strong>tain zinc as the principal alloying element. Brasses are divided<br />
into two major categories. The Alfa alloys with less than 37% zinc. These<br />
alloys are ductile and can be cold worked and the Alfa/beta or duplex alloys<br />
with 37-45% zinc. These alloys have limited cold ductility and are typically<br />
harder and str<strong>on</strong>ger.<br />
There are three types <strong>of</strong> wrought alloy brasses:<br />
a) <strong>Copper</strong>-zinc alloys,<br />
b) <strong>Copper</strong>-zinc alloys (leaded brasses),<br />
c) <strong>Copper</strong>-zinc-tin alloys (tin brasses) and cast brass alloys c<strong>on</strong>tain<br />
four types <strong>of</strong> alloys.<br />
i) <strong>Copper</strong>-Zinc-tin alloys<br />
11
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