Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

conducted on the soil samples. From this record, historic Pb concentrations and Pb accumulation rates were estimated. Present day concentrations in the forest soils ranged from 40 to 100 mg/kg, while a natural background concentration was estimated at
AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mode of Action Recent advancements in understanding the responses of aquatic biota to Pb exposure are highlighted in this section. A summary of the conclusions on the review of aquatic responses to Pb from the appropriate sections of the 1986 Lead AQCD, Volume II (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986a) and the subsequent conclusions and recommendations contained in the EPA staff review of that document (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990) are also provided. In addition, this section summarizes research subsequent to the 1986 Lead AQCD on Pb uptake into aquatic biota, effects of Pb speciation on uptake, resistance mechanisms to Pb toxicity, physiological effects of Pb, factors that affect responses to Pb, and factors associated with global climate change. Areas of research that are not addressed here include literature related to exposure to Pb shot or pellets and studies that examine human health-related endpoints (e.g., hypertension), which are described in other sections of this document. AX7.2.3.1 Lead Uptake Lead is nutritionally nonessential and non-beneficial and is toxic to living organisms in all of its forms (Eisler, 2000). Lead can bioaccumulate in the tissues of aquatic organisms through ingestion of food and water and adsorption from water (Vázquez et al., 1999; Vink, 2002) and subsequently lead to adverse effects if tissue levels are sufficiently high (see Section AX7.2.5). Recent research has suggested that due to the low solubility of Pb in water, dietary Pb (i.e., lead adsorbed to sediment, particulate matter, and food) may contribute substantially to exposure and toxicity in aquatic biota (Besser et al., 2005). Besser et al. (2004) exposed the amphipod Hyalella azteca to concentrations of Pb to evaluate the influence of waterborne and dietary Pb exposure on acute and chronic toxicity. The authors found that acute toxicity was unaffected by dietary exposure but that dietary Pb exposure did contribute to chronic toxic effects (i.e., survival, growth, reproduction) in H. azteca. Field studies in areas affected by metal contamination (i.e., Clark Fork River, MO; Coeur d’Alene, ID) (Woodward et al., 1994, 1995; Farag et al., 1994) have also demonstrated the effects of dietary metals on rainbow trout. However, there has been a debate on the importance of dietary exposure, as few controlled laboratory studies have been able to replicate the effects observed in the field studies (Hodson et al., 1978; Mount, 1994; Erikson, 2001). This may be due to differences in the availability of Pb from the dietary sources used in laboratory studies, differences in speciation, and/or AX7-146
Page 1 and 2:
October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
Page 3 and 4:
PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
Page 5 and 6:
NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
Page 7 and 8:
Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
Page 9 and 10:
Authors, Contributors, and Reviewer
Page 11 and 12:
Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
Page 13 and 14:
Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
Page 15 and 16:
Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
Page 17 and 18:
Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
Page 19 and 20:
Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
Page 21 and 22:
BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
Page 23 and 24:
CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
Page 25 and 26:
EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
Page 27 and 28:
GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
Page 29 and 30:
KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
Page 31 and 32:
NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
Page 33 and 34:
Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
Page 35 and 36:
RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
Page 37 and 38:
TGF transforming growth factor TH t
Page 39 and 40:
AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
Page 41 and 42:
AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
Page 43 and 44:
AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
Page 45 and 46:
AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
Page 47 and 48:
AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
Page 49 and 50:
AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
Page 77 and 78:
AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
Page 79 and 80:
AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
Page 81 and 82:
AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
Page 83 and 84:
Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
Page 85 and 86:
Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
Page 87 and 88:
Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
Page 89 and 90:
Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
Page 91 and 92:
Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
Page 93 and 94:
Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
Page 95 and 96:
Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
Page 97 and 98:
Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
Page 99 and 100:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 101 and 102:
Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
Page 103 and 104:
AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
Page 105 and 106:
Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
Page 107 and 108:
List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
Page 109 and 110:
List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
Page 111 and 112:
List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
Page 113 and 114:
Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
Page 115 and 116:
Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 117 and 118:
Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
Page 119 and 120:
Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
Page 121 and 122:
Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
Page 123 and 124:
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
Page 125 and 126:
CCE Coordination Center for Effects
Page 127 and 128:
DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
Page 129 and 130:
FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
Page 131 and 132:
H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
Page 133 and 134:
MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
Page 135 and 136:
NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
Page 137 and 138:
PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
Page 139 and 140:
SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
Page 141 and 142:
vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
Page 143 and 144:
AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
Page 145 and 146:
AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
Page 147 and 148:
AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
Page 149 and 150:
AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
Page 151 and 152:
AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
Page 153 and 154:
AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
Page 155 and 156:
AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
Page 157 and 158:
AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
Page 165 and 166:
AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
Page 167 and 168:
AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
Page 169 and 170:
AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
Page 171 and 172:
AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
Page 173 and 174:
AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
Page 175 and 176:
AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
Page 177 and 178:
AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
Page 179 and 180:
AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
Page 181 and 182:
AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
Page 183 and 184:
AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
Page 185 and 186:
AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
Page 187 and 188:
AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
Page 189 and 190:
AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
Page 191 and 192:
AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
Page 193 and 194:
AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
Page 195 and 196:
AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
Page 197 and 198:
AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
Page 199 and 200:
AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
Page 201 and 202:
ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
Page 203 and 204:
AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
Page 205 and 206:
AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
Page 207 and 208:
AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
Page 209 and 210:
AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
Page 211 and 212:
AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
Page 213 and 214:
AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
Page 215 and 216:
AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
Page 217 and 218:
AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
Page 239 and 240:
AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
Page 241 and 242:
AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
Page 243 and 244:
AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
Page 245 and 246:
AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
Page 247 and 248:
AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
Page 253 and 254:
AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
Page 255 and 256:
AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
Page 257 and 258:
AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
Page 259 and 260:
AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
Page 261 and 262:
AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
Page 263 and 264:
AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
Page 265 and 266:
AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
Page 267 and 268:
AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
Page 269 and 270:
AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
Page 285 and 286:
AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
Page 291 and 292:
AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
Page 293 and 294:
AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
Page 331 and 332:
REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
Page 333 and 334:
Bataineh, H.; Al-Hamood, M. H.; Elb
Page 335 and 336:
Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Huberm
Page 337 and 338:
Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
Page 339 and 340:
Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
Page 341 and 342:
children's health: immune and respi
Page 343 and 344:
Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
Page 345 and 346:
Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal ca
Page 347 and 348:
Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
Page 349 and 350:
Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
Page 351 and 352:
Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
Page 353 and 354:
Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldst
Page 355 and 356:
Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
Page 357 and 358:
Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
Page 359 and 360:
Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
Page 361 and 362:
O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
Page 363 and 364:
Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
Page 365 and 366:
Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
Page 367 and 368:
Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
Page 369 and 370:
Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
Page 371 and 372:
Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
Page 373 and 374:
Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
Page 375 and 376:
Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
Page 377 and 378:
Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
Page 379 and 380:
Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
Page 381 and 382:
The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
Page 383 and 384:
Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
Page 385 and 386:
List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
Page 387 and 388:
List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 401 and 402:
CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 403 and 404:
DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 405 and 406:
FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 407 and 408:
HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
Page 409 and 410:
MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 411 and 412:
NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 413 and 414:
ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
Page 429 and 430:
AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
Page 431 and 432:
AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
Page 449 and 450:
AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
Page 451 and 452:
AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
Page 453 and 454:
AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
AX6-50 Table AX6-3.4 (cont’d). Me
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
AX6-56 Table AX6-3.6. Evoked Potent
Page 475 and 476:
AX6-58 Table AX6-3.6 (cont’d). Ev
Page 477 and 478:
AX6-60 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
Page 479 and 480:
AX6-62 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
Page 481 and 482:
AX6-64 Table AX6-3.8 (cont’d). Oc
Page 483 and 484:
AX6-66 Table AX6-3.9. Other Neurolo
Page 485 and 486:
AX6-68 Table AX6-3.9 (cont’d). Ot
Page 487 and 488:
AX6-70 Table AX6-4.1. Renal Effects
Page 489 and 490:
AX6-72 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
AX6-104 Table AX6-4.3. Renal Effect
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
Page 589 and 590:
AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
Page 591 and 592:
AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
Page 593 and 594:
AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
Page 595 and 596:
Page 597 and 598:
Page 599 and 600:
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
Page 605 and 606:
AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
Page 607 and 608:
AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
Page 609 and 610:
AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
Page 611 and 612:
AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
Page 613 and 614:
AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
Page 615 and 616:
Page 617 and 618:
Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
Page 625 and 626:
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
Page 631 and 632:
Page 633 and 634:
Page 635 and 636:
Page 637 and 638:
Page 639 and 640:
Page 641 and 642:
AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
Page 643 and 644:
Page 645 and 646:
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
Page 651 and 652:
Page 653 and 654:
Page 655 and 656:
Page 657 and 658:
Page 659 and 660:
Page 661 and 662:
Page 663 and 664:
Page 665 and 666:
Page 667 and 668:
Page 669 and 670:
Page 671 and 672:
Page 673 and 674:
Page 675 and 676:
AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
Page 677 and 678:
REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
Page 679 and 680:
Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
Page 681 and 682:
Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stew
Page 683 and 684:
Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
Page 685 and 686:
David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
Page 687 and 688:
Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
Page 689 and 690:
Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
Page 691 and 692:
Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
Page 693 and 694:
Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
Page 695 and 696:
Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
Page 697 and 698:
Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
Page 699 and 700:
Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
Page 701 and 702:
Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
Page 703 and 704:
Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
Page 705 and 706:
Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
Page 707 and 708:
Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
Page 709 and 710:
Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
Page 711 and 712:
Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
Page 713 and 714:
Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; R
Page 715 and 716:
October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
Page 717 and 718:
PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
Page 719 and 720:
drafts of document materials were r
Page 721 and 722:
Table of Contents PREFACE..........
Page 723 and 724:
Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
Page 725 and 726:
List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
Page 727 and 728:
List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
Page 729 and 730:
Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Page 735 and 736:
Page 737 and 738:
Page 739 and 740:
ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 741 and 742:
CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 743 and 744:
DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 745 and 746:
FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 747 and 748:
HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
Page 749 and 750:
MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 751 and 752:
NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 753 and 754:
ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 755 and 756:
Page 757 and 758:
Page 759 and 760:
Pb is ideally suited for this task.
Page 761 and 762:
Concept For a given metal or metall
Page 763 and 764:
(1979) observed that “the smaller
Page 765 and 766:
Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
Page 767 and 768:
• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
Page 769 and 770:
Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
Page 771 and 772:
diffraction lines and comparing the
Page 773 and 774:
The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
Page 775 and 776:
techniques can be useful in a study
Page 777 and 778:
have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
Page 779 and 780:
to 15 years after biosolid applicat
Page 781 and 782:
thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
Page 783 and 784:
completely extract targeted phases.
Page 785 and 786:
epresents Eb. The precise energy re
Page 787 and 788:
1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
Page 789 and 790:
T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
Page 791 and 792:
floor) time-series data to evaluate
Page 793 and 794:
contributions of dry deposition may
Page 795 and 796:
Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
Page 797 and 798:
thought to enter the plant via the
Page 799 and 800:
soil was not allowed to equilibrate
Page 801 and 802:
Lead concentrations in various tiss
Page 803 and 804:
that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
Page 805 and 806:
plasma levels of uric acid and crea
Page 807 and 808:
effective use of glutathione metabo
Page 809 and 810:
and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
Page 811 and 812:
other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
Page 813 and 814:
Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
Page 815 and 816:
organism responses to Pb. Section A
Page 817 and 818:
Primary Producers Commonly reported
Page 819 and 820:
solution and minimal translocation
Page 821 and 822:
AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
Page 823 and 824:
AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
Page 825 and 826:
AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
Page 827 and 828:
Very little research has been done
Page 829 and 830:
AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
Page 831 and 832:
AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
Page 833 and 834:
Page 835 and 836:
Page 837 and 838:
AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
Page 839 and 840:
A literature search and review was
Page 841 and 842:
Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
Page 843 and 844:
The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
Page 845 and 846:
Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
Page 847 and 848:
Since the movement and fate of Pb i
Page 849 and 850:
Land Use and Industry Changes in la
Page 851 and 852: lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
Page 853 and 854: zinc; had very low pH; and were det
Page 855 and 856: Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
Page 857 and 858: iomass carbon. Because of this link
Page 859 and 860: in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
Page 861 and 862: the forested Lehstenbach catchment
Page 863 and 864: there is little evidence that Pb ac
Page 865 and 866: ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
Page 867 and 868: To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
Page 869 and 870: for the binding of free-metal ion a
Page 871 and 872: partition in sediment between acid-
Page 873 and 874: AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
Page 875 and 876: varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
Page 877 and 878: Organic compounds in surface waters
Page 879 and 880: solution phase, complexation with c
Page 881 and 882: The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
Page 883 and 884: Lead Distributions Generated from t
Page 885 and 886: AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
Page 887 and 888: AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
Page 889 and 890: AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
Page 891 and 892: Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
Page 893 and 894: Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
Page 895 and 896: Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
Page 897 and 898: AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
Page 899 and 900: calculations indicate that only a s
Page 901: from municipal sewage, storm runoff
Page 905 and 906: aquatic plants and insects and on t
Page 907 and 908: designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
Page 909 and 910: sequestering to organ tissues). The
Page 911 and 912: AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
Page 913 and 914: Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
Page 915 and 916: 1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
Page 917 and 918: Studies have identified ALAD in fis
Page 919 and 920: metals over nonessential metals. Th
Page 921 and 922: In summary, relationships between a
Page 923 and 924: potential toxic effects in other or
Page 925 and 926: esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
Page 927 and 928: carbon sources (including glucose),
Page 929 and 930: separate concentration-effects mode
Page 931 and 932: 1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
Page 933 and 934: Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
Page 935 and 936: observed in Selenastrum capricornut
Page 937 and 938: Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
Page 939 and 940: 1997). The most sensitive primary p
Page 941 and 942: Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
Page 943 and 944: AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
Page 945 and 946: concentrations of
Page 947 and 948: AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
Page 949 and 950: AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
Page 951 and 952: studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
Page 953 and 954:
However, in other cases multivariat
Page 955 and 956:
species was observed. Similar, sign
Page 957 and 958:
AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
Page 961 and 962:
variables, it does not imply causat
Page 963 and 964:
Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
Page 965 and 966:
metal levels. Furthermore, although
Page 967 and 968:
environment through bioaccumulation
Page 969 and 970:
Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
Page 971 and 972:
Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
Page 975 and 976:
Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
Page 977 and 978:
Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
Page 979 and 980:
Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
Page 981 and 982:
Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
Page 983 and 984:
Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
Page 987 and 988:
Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
Page 989 and 990:
Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
Page 993 and 994:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 995 and 996:
Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto
show all

Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?