Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

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List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Methods for Determining Lead in Blood, Urine, and Hair ............ AX4-2 AX4-2 Summary of Selected Measurements of PbB Levels in Humans .................... AX4-4 AX4-3 Bone Lead Measurements in Cadavers............................................................ AX4-7 AX4-4 Bone Lead Measurements in Environmentally-Exposed Subjects .................. AX4-9 AX4-5 Bone Lead Measurements in Occupationally-Exposed Subjects................... AX4-12 AX4-6 Bone Lead Contribution to PbB..................................................................... AX4-19 AX4-7 Bone Lead Studies in Pregnant and Lactating Subjects................................. AX4-22 AX4-8 Bone Lead Studies of Menopausal and Middle-aged to Elderly Subjects..... AX4-30 AX4-9 Lead in Deciduous Teeth from Urban and Remote Environments................ AX4-36 AX4-10 Lead in Deciduous Teeth from Polluted Environments................................. AX4-38 AX4-11 Summary of Selected Measurements of Urine Lead Levels in Humans ....... AX4-39 AX4-12 Summary of Selected Measurements of Hair Lead Levels in Humans ......... AX4-42 II-x Page
Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers CHAPTER 4 ANNEX (TOXICOKINETICS, BIOLOGICAL MARKERS, AND MODELS OF LEAD BURDEN IN HUMANS) Chapter Managers/Editors Dr. James Brown—National Center for Environmental Assessment (B243-01), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Principal Authors Dr. Brian Gulson—Graduate School of the Environment, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia Contributors and Reviewers Dr. Lester D. Grant—National Center for Environmental Assessment (B243-01), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Dr. John Vandenberg—National Center for Environmental Assessment (B243-01), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 CHAPTER 5 ANNEX (TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LEAD IN HUMANS AND LABORATORY ANIMALS) Chapter Managers/Editors Dr. Anuradha Mudipalli—National Center for Environmental Assessment (B243-01), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Dr. Srikanth Nadadur—National Center for Environmental Assessment (B243-01), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Dr. Lori White—National Center for Environmental Assessment (B243-01), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Principal Authors Dr. Anuradha Mudipalli—National Center for Environmental Assessment (B243-01), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (Sections 5-2, 5-10) II-xxi
Page 1 and 2: October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
Page 5 and 6: NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
Page 7: Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
Page 11 and 12: Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
Page 13 and 14: Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
Page 15 and 16: Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
Page 17 and 18: Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
Page 19 and 20: Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
Page 21 and 22: BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
Page 23 and 24: CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
Page 25 and 26: EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
Page 27 and 28: GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
Page 29 and 30: KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
Page 31 and 32: NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
Page 33 and 34: Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
Page 35 and 36: RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
Page 37 and 38: TGF transforming growth factor TH t
Page 39 and 40: AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
Page 41 and 42: AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
Page 43 and 44: AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
Page 45 and 46: AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
Page 47 and 48: AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
Page 49 and 50: AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
Page 57 and 58: AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
Page 59 and 60:
AX4-21 Reference, Study Location, a
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
AX4-31 Table AX4-8 (cont’d). Bone
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
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AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
Page 79 and 80:
AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
Page 81 and 82:
AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
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Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
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Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
Page 87 and 88:
Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
Page 89 and 90:
Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
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Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
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Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
Page 95 and 96:
Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
Page 97 and 98:
Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
Page 103 and 104:
AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
Page 105 and 106:
Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
Page 107 and 108:
List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
Page 109 and 110:
List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
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Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
Page 123 and 124:
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
Page 125 and 126:
CCE Coordination Center for Effects
Page 127 and 128:
DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
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FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
Page 131 and 132:
H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
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MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
Page 135 and 136:
NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
Page 137 and 138:
PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
Page 139 and 140:
SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
Page 141 and 142:
vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
Page 143 and 144:
AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
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AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
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AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
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AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
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AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
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AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
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AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
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AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
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AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
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AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
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AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
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AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
Page 179 and 180:
AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
Page 181 and 182:
AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
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AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
Page 185 and 186:
AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
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AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
Page 189 and 190:
AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
Page 191 and 192:
AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
Page 193 and 194:
AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
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AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
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AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
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AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
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AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
Page 207 and 208:
AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
Page 209 and 210:
AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
Page 211 and 212:
AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
Page 213 and 214:
AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
Page 215 and 216:
AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
Page 217 and 218:
AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
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Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
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AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
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AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
Page 245 and 246:
AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
Page 253 and 254:
AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
Page 255 and 256:
AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
Page 257 and 258:
AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
Page 259 and 260:
AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
Page 261 and 262:
AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
Page 263 and 264:
AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
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AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
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AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
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AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
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Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
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Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
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AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
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AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
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AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
Page 331 and 332:
REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
Page 333 and 334:
Bataineh, H.; Al-Hamood, M. H.; Elb
Page 335 and 336:
Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Huberm
Page 337 and 338:
Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
Page 339 and 340:
Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
Page 341 and 342:
children's health: immune and respi
Page 343 and 344:
Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
Page 345 and 346:
Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal ca
Page 347 and 348:
Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
Page 349 and 350:
Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
Page 351 and 352:
Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
Page 353 and 354:
Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldst
Page 355 and 356:
Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
Page 357 and 358:
Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
Page 359 and 360:
Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
Page 361 and 362:
O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
Page 363 and 364:
Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
Page 365 and 366:
Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
Page 367 and 368:
Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
Page 369 and 370:
Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
Page 371 and 372:
Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
Page 373 and 374:
Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
Page 375 and 376:
Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
Page 377 and 378:
Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
Page 379 and 380:
Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
Page 381 and 382:
The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
Page 383 and 384:
Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
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List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
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Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
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ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 401 and 402:
CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 403 and 404:
DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 405 and 406:
FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 407 and 408:
HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
Page 409 and 410:
MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 411 and 412:
NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 413 and 414:
ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
Page 429 and 430:
AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
Page 431 and 432:
AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
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Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
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Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
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AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
Page 453 and 454:
AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
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Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
AX6-50 Table AX6-3.4 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-56 Table AX6-3.6. Evoked Potent
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AX6-58 Table AX6-3.6 (cont’d). Ev
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AX6-60 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-62 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-64 Table AX6-3.8 (cont’d). Oc
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AX6-66 Table AX6-3.9. Other Neurolo
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AX6-68 Table AX6-3.9 (cont’d). Ot
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AX6-70 Table AX6-4.1. Renal Effects
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AX6-72 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-104 Table AX6-4.3. Renal Effect
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AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
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AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
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AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
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AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
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AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
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Page 603 and 604:
AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
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AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
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AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
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AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
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AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
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AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
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REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
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Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
Page 681 and 682:
Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stew
Page 683 and 684:
Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
Page 685 and 686:
David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
Page 687 and 688:
Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
Page 689 and 690:
Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
Page 691 and 692:
Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
Page 693 and 694:
Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
Page 695 and 696:
Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
Page 697 and 698:
Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
Page 699 and 700:
Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
Page 701 and 702:
Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
Page 703 and 704:
Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
Page 705 and 706:
Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
Page 707 and 708:
Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
Page 709 and 710:
Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
Page 711 and 712:
Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
Page 713 and 714:
Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; R
Page 715 and 716:
October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
Page 717 and 718:
PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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drafts of document materials were r
Page 721 and 722:
Table of Contents PREFACE..........
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Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
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List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
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Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Page 735 and 736:
Page 737 and 738:
Page 739 and 740:
ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 741 and 742:
CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 743 and 744:
DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 745 and 746:
FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 747 and 748:
HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
Page 749 and 750:
MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 751 and 752:
NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 753 and 754:
ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 755 and 756:
Page 757 and 758:
Page 759 and 760:
Pb is ideally suited for this task.
Page 761 and 762:
Concept For a given metal or metall
Page 763 and 764:
(1979) observed that “the smaller
Page 765 and 766:
Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
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• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
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Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
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diffraction lines and comparing the
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The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
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techniques can be useful in a study
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have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
Page 779 and 780:
to 15 years after biosolid applicat
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thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
Page 783 and 784:
completely extract targeted phases.
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epresents Eb. The precise energy re
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1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
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T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
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floor) time-series data to evaluate
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contributions of dry deposition may
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Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
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thought to enter the plant via the
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soil was not allowed to equilibrate
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Lead concentrations in various tiss
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that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
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plasma levels of uric acid and crea
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effective use of glutathione metabo
Page 809 and 810:
and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
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other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
Page 813 and 814:
Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
Page 815 and 816:
organism responses to Pb. Section A
Page 817 and 818:
Primary Producers Commonly reported
Page 819 and 820:
solution and minimal translocation
Page 821 and 822:
AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
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AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
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AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
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Very little research has been done
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AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
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AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
Page 833 and 834:
Page 835 and 836:
Page 837 and 838:
AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
Page 839 and 840:
A literature search and review was
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Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
Page 843 and 844:
The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
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Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
Page 847 and 848:
Since the movement and fate of Pb i
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Land Use and Industry Changes in la
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lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
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zinc; had very low pH; and were det
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Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
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iomass carbon. Because of this link
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in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
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the forested Lehstenbach catchment
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there is little evidence that Pb ac
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ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
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To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
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for the binding of free-metal ion a
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partition in sediment between acid-
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AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
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varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
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Organic compounds in surface waters
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solution phase, complexation with c
Page 881 and 882:
The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
Page 883 and 884:
Lead Distributions Generated from t
Page 885 and 886:
AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
Page 887 and 888:
AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
Page 889 and 890:
AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
Page 891 and 892:
Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
Page 893 and 894:
Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
Page 895 and 896:
Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
Page 897 and 898:
AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
Page 899 and 900:
calculations indicate that only a s
Page 901 and 902:
from municipal sewage, storm runoff
Page 903 and 904:
AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mo
Page 905 and 906:
aquatic plants and insects and on t
Page 907 and 908:
designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
Page 909 and 910:
sequestering to organ tissues). The
Page 911 and 912:
AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
Page 913 and 914:
Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
Page 915 and 916:
1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
Page 917 and 918:
Studies have identified ALAD in fis
Page 919 and 920:
metals over nonessential metals. Th
Page 921 and 922:
In summary, relationships between a
Page 923 and 924:
potential toxic effects in other or
Page 925 and 926:
esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
Page 927 and 928:
carbon sources (including glucose),
Page 929 and 930:
separate concentration-effects mode
Page 931 and 932:
1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
Page 933 and 934:
Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
Page 935 and 936:
observed in Selenastrum capricornut
Page 937 and 938:
Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
Page 939 and 940:
1997). The most sensitive primary p
Page 941 and 942:
Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
Page 943 and 944:
AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
Page 945 and 946:
concentrations of
Page 947 and 948:
AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
Page 949 and 950:
AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
Page 951 and 952:
studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
Page 953 and 954:
However, in other cases multivariat
Page 955 and 956:
species was observed. Similar, sign
Page 957 and 958:
AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
Page 961 and 962:
variables, it does not imply causat
Page 963 and 964:
Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
Page 965 and 966:
metal levels. Furthermore, although
Page 967 and 968:
environment through bioaccumulation
Page 969 and 970:
Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
Page 971 and 972:
Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
Page 975 and 976:
Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
Page 977 and 978:
Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
Page 979 and 980:
Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
Page 981 and 982:
Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
Page 983 and 984:
Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
Page 987 and 988:
Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
Page 989 and 990:
Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
Page 993 and 994:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 995 and 996:
Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto
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