Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX4-40
Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Summary of Selected Measurements of Urine Lead Levels in Humans
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description Urine Lead Measurement Comment
United States (cont’d)
Berger et al. (1990)
Ohio
1983-1986
Europe
Chamberlain et al.
(1978)
United Kingdom
1975-1976
Brockhaus et al. (1988)
Germany
1982-1986
Koster et al. (1989)
Germany
NR
Australia
Gulson et al. (2000)
Australia
Design: cross-sectional, convenience sample
Subjects: children (n = 39), age range not reported.
Biomarker measured: timed urine lead
Analysis: AAS
Design: experimental
Subjects: adult males (n = 6), intravenous injection
of 203 Pb tracer
Biomarker: urinary lead clearance
Analysis: gamma spectrometer ( 203 Pb)
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: children (n = 184), age range 4-11 yrs
residing in 2 areas impacted by smelting operations
Biomarker measured: urine lead
Analysis: GFAAS
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: adult (n = 46, 40 males) hospital
workers, age range 20-78 yr.
Biomarker measured: urine lead
Analysis: GFAAS
Design: longitudinal
Subjects: women (n = 58) during pregnancy,
age range 18-35 yrs
Biomarker measured: blood-to-urine clearance
Analysis: TIMS
Units: µg/day
range: 5-70
Units: L/day
Arithmetic mean (range)
Blood-to-urine: 0.09 (0.08-0.10)
Plasma-to-urine: 20
Units: µg/g creatinine
Geometric mean (GSD, range)
Stolberg (n = 106): 9.6 (2.3, 0.2-43.0)
Dortmund (n = 78): 6.7 (2.0, 1.6-41.0)
Units: µg/24 hr-1.73 m 2 (adult body surface area)
Arithmetic mean (range): 6.8 (2.3-18.9)
Units: µg/h
Arithmetic mean (SD, range): 3.2 (0.8-10.2)
Geometric mean: 2.7
PbB range was 22-55 µg/dL. Blood-to
urine clearance estimate was 0.07 L/day
(from Diamond, 1992).
Geometric mean PbB levels were
~7 µg/dL.
Arithmetic mean (range) PbB (µg/dL)
was 7.6 (2.6-18.7).
Blood-to-urine clearance estimate was
0.15 L/day (from Diamond, 1992).
Reported blood-to-urine clearance
corresponds to ~0.08 L/day.