Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus single species modality. Shaded area represents
typical soil-lead concentrations found at remediation sites in the
western United States.
Particle-Bound Metal
Direct Approaches
Over the past decade, numerous advances in materials science have led to the
development of a wide range in analytical tools for the determination of metal concentration,
bonding, and valance of individual particles on a scale that can be considered useful for the
speciation of environmentally important materials (i.e., soils, wastes, sediments, and dust).
This review will provide the reader with a brief description of these techniques, including their
benefits, limitations (cost, availability, sample preparation, resolution), and usability as well as
references to current applications. Although most of these tools are scientifically sound and
offer important information on the mechanistic understanding of metal occurrence and behavior,
only a few currently provide useful information on metal bioavailability at a “site” level.
However, one may still find other techniques essential to a detailed characterization of a selected
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