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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

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AX4-38<br />

Table AX4-10. <strong>Lead</strong> in Deciduous Teeth from Polluted Environments<br />

Reference, Study<br />

Location, and Period Study Description <strong>Lead</strong> Measurement Findings, Interpretation<br />

Europe<br />

Begerow et al. (1994)<br />

Germany<br />

1991<br />

Cikrt et al. (1997)<br />

Czech Republic<br />

Australia<br />

Gulson (1996)<br />

Broken Hill, Australia<br />

Gulson et al. (2004)<br />

Lake Macquarie,<br />

Australia<br />

PbB = blood lead.<br />

790 children aged 6 yrs old living in<br />

urban and rural areas in western and<br />

eastern Germany. Incisors sampled.<br />

Compared tooth (n = 162) and PbB levels<br />

in children living at various distances<br />

from a lead smelter.<br />

36 exposed and nonexposed children<br />

from Broken Hill lead-zinc mining<br />

community. Sectioned teeth into mainly<br />

enamel (incisal section) and mainly<br />

dentine (cervical section). <strong>Lead</strong> isotope<br />

ratios and lead concentrations by TIMS<br />

with isotope dilution.<br />

10 children from six houses in a primary<br />

zinc-lead smelter community at North<br />

Lake Macquarie, New South Wales,<br />

Australia. Sectioned deciduous teeth<br />

compared with environmental samples.<br />

<strong>Lead</strong> isotope ratios and lead<br />

concentrations by TIMS with isotope<br />

dilution.<br />

<strong>Lead</strong> levels <strong>of</strong> 1.50 to 1.74 µg/g from the western sector<br />

and from 1.51 to 2.72 µg/g in the eastern sector.<br />

Significant difference in the mean tooth lead <strong>for</strong> children<br />

from the most contaminated zone less than 0.5 km from the<br />

smelter (6.44 µg/g; n = 13) and those >5 km from the<br />

smelter (1.45 µg/g; n = 36). PbB levels varied from 15.42<br />

µg Pb/100 ml (n = 6; 95% CI: 7.17, 33.17) close to the<br />

smelter to 4.66 µg/100 ml (n = 165, 95% CI: 4.30, 5.04) at<br />

larger distances.<br />

For subjects with low exposure (n = 13), lead<br />

concentrations in the incisal section ranged from 0.4 to 3.5<br />

µg/g with a mean and standard deviation <strong>of</strong> 1.2 ± 0.8 µg/g<br />

(n = 13). For the cervical sections in low exposure<br />

children, the values ranged from 0.8 to 8.3 and mean<br />

3.7 ± 2.4 µg/g. For subjects with high exposure (n = 23),<br />

lead concentrations in the incisal section ranged from 1.0 to<br />

8.9 µg/g with a mean and standard deviation <strong>of</strong> 2.6 ± 1.8<br />

µg/g. For the cervical sections in high exposure children<br />

the values ranged from 1.5 to 31.5 µg/g and mean 13.7<br />

± 8.0 µg/g.<br />

PbB levels in the children ranged from 10 to 42 µg/dL and<br />

remained elevated <strong>for</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> years. Median lead<br />

level in the enamel section <strong>of</strong> the teeth was 2.3 µg/g with a<br />

range from 0.6 to 7.4 µg/g; in dentine the median value was<br />

5.3 µg/g with a range from 1.4 to 19.9 µg/g.<br />

Major decrease (40-50%) since 1976.<br />

No descriptions <strong>of</strong> the teeth type were<br />

available.<br />

The isotopic results in dentine were<br />

interpreted to reflect an increased lead<br />

exposure from the lead-zinc-silver<br />

orebody during early childhood, probably<br />

associated with hand-to-mouth activity.<br />

Approximately 55 to 100% <strong>of</strong> lead could<br />

be derived from the smelter.

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