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Yule, W.; Lansdown, R.; Millar, I. B.; Urbanowicz, M.-A. (1981) The relationship between blood Pb concentrations, intelligence and attainment in a school population: a pilot study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 23: 567-576. Yule, W.; Urbanowicz, M.-A.; Lansdown, R.; Millar, I. B. (1984) Teachers' ratings of children's behaviour in relation to blood Pb levels. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 2: 295-305. Zhao, Z. Y.; Li, R.; Sun, L.; Li, Z. Y.; Yang, R. L. (2004) Effect of Pb exposure on the immune function of lymphocytes and erythrocytes. in preschool children. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. 5(8): 1001-1004. Zheng, W.; Lu, Y. M.; Lu, G. Y.; Zhao, Q.; Cheung, 0.; Blaner, W. S. (2001) Transthyretin, thyroxine, and retinolbinding protein in human cerebrospinal fluid: effect of Pb exposure. Toxicol. Sci. 61(1): 107-114. Zimmermann-Tansella, C.; Campara, P.; Andrea, F. D.; Savontto, C.; Tansella, m. (1983) Psychological and physical complaints of subjects with low exposure to Pb. Hum. Toxicol. 2: 615-623. Zuckerman, B.; Amaro, H.; Cabral, H. (1989) Validity of self-reporting of marijuana and cocaine use among pregnant adolescents. J. Pediatr. ( St. Louis) 115: 812-815. AX6-297
October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II
Page 1 and 2:
October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
Page 3 and 4:
PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
Page 5 and 6:
NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
Page 7 and 8:
Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
Page 9 and 10:
Authors, Contributors, and Reviewer
Page 11 and 12:
Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
Page 13 and 14:
Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
Page 15 and 16:
Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
Page 17 and 18:
Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
Page 19 and 20:
Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
Page 21 and 22:
BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
Page 23 and 24:
CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
Page 25 and 26:
EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
Page 27 and 28:
GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
Page 29 and 30:
KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
Page 31 and 32:
NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
Page 33 and 34:
Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
Page 35 and 36:
RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
Page 37 and 38:
TGF transforming growth factor TH t
Page 39 and 40:
AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
Page 41 and 42:
AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
Page 43 and 44:
AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
Page 45 and 46:
AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
Page 47 and 48:
AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
Page 49 and 50:
AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
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Page 75 and 76:
AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
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AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
Page 79 and 80:
AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
Page 81 and 82:
AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
Page 83 and 84:
Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
Page 85 and 86:
Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
Page 87 and 88:
Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
Page 89 and 90:
Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
Page 91 and 92:
Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
Page 93 and 94:
Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
Page 95 and 96:
Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
Page 97 and 98:
Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
Page 99 and 100:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 101 and 102:
Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
Page 103 and 104:
AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
Page 105 and 106:
Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
Page 107 and 108:
List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
Page 109 and 110:
List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
Page 111 and 112:
List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
Page 113 and 114:
Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
Page 115 and 116:
Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 117 and 118:
Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
Page 119 and 120:
Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
Page 121 and 122:
Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
Page 123 and 124:
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
Page 125 and 126:
CCE Coordination Center for Effects
Page 127 and 128:
DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
Page 129 and 130:
FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
Page 131 and 132:
H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
Page 133 and 134:
MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
Page 135 and 136:
NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
Page 137 and 138:
PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
Page 139 and 140:
SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
Page 141 and 142:
vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
Page 143 and 144:
AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
Page 145 and 146:
AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
Page 147 and 148:
AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
Page 149 and 150:
AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
Page 151 and 152:
AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
Page 153 and 154:
AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
Page 155 and 156:
AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
Page 157 and 158:
AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
Page 165 and 166:
AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
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AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
Page 169 and 170:
AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
Page 171 and 172:
AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
Page 173 and 174:
AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
Page 175 and 176:
AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
Page 177 and 178:
AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
Page 179 and 180:
AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
Page 181 and 182:
AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
Page 183 and 184:
AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
Page 185 and 186:
AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
Page 187 and 188:
AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
Page 189 and 190:
AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
Page 191 and 192:
AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
Page 193 and 194:
AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
Page 195 and 196:
AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
Page 197 and 198:
AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
Page 199 and 200:
AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
Page 201 and 202:
ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
Page 203 and 204:
AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
Page 205 and 206:
AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
Page 207 and 208:
AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
Page 209 and 210:
AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
Page 211 and 212:
AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
Page 213 and 214:
AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
Page 215 and 216:
AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
Page 217 and 218:
AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
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Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
Page 239 and 240:
AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
Page 241 and 242:
AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
Page 243 and 244:
AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
Page 245 and 246:
AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
Page 247 and 248:
AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
Page 253 and 254:
AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
Page 255 and 256:
AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
Page 257 and 258:
AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
Page 259 and 260:
AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
Page 261 and 262:
AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
Page 263 and 264:
AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
Page 265 and 266:
AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
Page 267 and 268:
AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
Page 269 and 270:
AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
Page 285 and 286:
AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
Page 291 and 292:
AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
Page 293 and 294:
AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
Page 331 and 332:
REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
Page 333 and 334:
Bataineh, H.; Al-Hamood, M. H.; Elb
Page 335 and 336:
Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Huberm
Page 337 and 338:
Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
Page 339 and 340:
Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
Page 341 and 342:
children's health: immune and respi
Page 343 and 344:
Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
Page 345 and 346:
Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal ca
Page 347 and 348:
Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
Page 349 and 350:
Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
Page 351 and 352:
Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
Page 353 and 354:
Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldst
Page 355 and 356:
Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
Page 357 and 358:
Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
Page 359 and 360:
Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
Page 361 and 362:
O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
Page 363 and 364:
Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
Page 365 and 366:
Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
Page 367 and 368:
Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
Page 369 and 370:
Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
Page 371 and 372:
Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
Page 373 and 374:
Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
Page 375 and 376:
Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
Page 377 and 378:
Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
Page 379 and 380:
Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
Page 381 and 382:
The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
Page 383 and 384:
Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
Page 385 and 386:
List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
Page 387 and 388:
List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
Page 395 and 396:
Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
Page 397 and 398:
Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
Page 399 and 400:
ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 401 and 402:
CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 403 and 404:
DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 405 and 406:
FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 407 and 408:
HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
Page 409 and 410:
MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 411 and 412:
NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 413 and 414:
ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 415 and 416:
SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
Page 417 and 418:
vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
Page 429 and 430:
AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
Page 431 and 432:
AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
Page 449 and 450:
AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
Page 451 and 452:
AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
Page 453 and 454:
AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
AX6-50 Table AX6-3.4 (cont’d). Me
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
AX6-56 Table AX6-3.6. Evoked Potent
Page 475 and 476:
AX6-58 Table AX6-3.6 (cont’d). Ev
Page 477 and 478:
AX6-60 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
Page 479 and 480:
AX6-62 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
Page 481 and 482:
AX6-64 Table AX6-3.8 (cont’d). Oc
Page 483 and 484:
AX6-66 Table AX6-3.9. Other Neurolo
Page 485 and 486:
AX6-68 Table AX6-3.9 (cont’d). Ot
Page 487 and 488:
AX6-70 Table AX6-4.1. Renal Effects
Page 489 and 490:
AX6-72 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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Page 495 and 496:
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Page 499 and 500:
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Page 521 and 522:
AX6-104 Table AX6-4.3. Renal Effect
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Page 533 and 534:
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AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
Page 589 and 590:
AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
Page 591 and 592:
AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
Page 593 and 594:
AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
Page 595 and 596:
Page 597 and 598:
Page 599 and 600:
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
Page 605 and 606:
AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
Page 607 and 608:
AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
Page 609 and 610:
AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
Page 611 and 612:
AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
Page 613 and 614:
AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
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Page 637 and 638:
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Page 641 and 642:
AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
Page 643 and 644:
Page 645 and 646:
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
Page 651 and 652:
Page 653 and 654:
Page 655 and 656:
Page 657 and 658:
Page 659 and 660:
Page 661 and 662:
Page 663 and 664: AX6-246 Table AX6-9.6 (cont’d). E
Page 675 and 676: AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
Page 677 and 678: REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
Page 679 and 680: Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
Page 681 and 682: Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stew
Page 683 and 684: Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
Page 685 and 686: David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
Page 687 and 688: Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
Page 689 and 690: Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
Page 691 and 692: Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
Page 693 and 694: Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
Page 695 and 696: Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
Page 697 and 698: Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
Page 699 and 700: Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
Page 701 and 702: Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
Page 703 and 704: Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
Page 705 and 706: Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
Page 707 and 708: Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
Page 709 and 710: Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
Page 711 and 712: Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
Page 713: Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; R
Page 717 and 718: PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
Page 719 and 720: drafts of document materials were r
Page 721 and 722: Table of Contents PREFACE..........
Page 723 and 724: Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
Page 725 and 726: List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
Page 727 and 728: List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
Page 729 and 730: Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 731 and 732: Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 733 and 734: Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
Page 735 and 736: Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
Page 737 and 738: Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
Page 739 and 740: ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 741 and 742: CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 743 and 744: DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 745 and 746: FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 747 and 748: HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
Page 749 and 750: MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 751 and 752: NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 753 and 754: ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 755 and 756: SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
Page 757 and 758: vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
Page 759 and 760: Pb is ideally suited for this task.
Page 761 and 762: Concept For a given metal or metall
Page 763 and 764: (1979) observed that “the smaller
Page 765 and 766:
Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
Page 767 and 768:
• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
Page 769 and 770:
Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
Page 771 and 772:
diffraction lines and comparing the
Page 773 and 774:
The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
Page 775 and 776:
techniques can be useful in a study
Page 777 and 778:
have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
Page 779 and 780:
to 15 years after biosolid applicat
Page 781 and 782:
thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
Page 783 and 784:
completely extract targeted phases.
Page 785 and 786:
epresents Eb. The precise energy re
Page 787 and 788:
1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
Page 789 and 790:
T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
Page 791 and 792:
floor) time-series data to evaluate
Page 793 and 794:
contributions of dry deposition may
Page 795 and 796:
Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
Page 797 and 798:
thought to enter the plant via the
Page 799 and 800:
soil was not allowed to equilibrate
Page 801 and 802:
Lead concentrations in various tiss
Page 803 and 804:
that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
Page 805 and 806:
plasma levels of uric acid and crea
Page 807 and 808:
effective use of glutathione metabo
Page 809 and 810:
and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
Page 811 and 812:
other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
Page 813 and 814:
Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
Page 815 and 816:
organism responses to Pb. Section A
Page 817 and 818:
Primary Producers Commonly reported
Page 819 and 820:
solution and minimal translocation
Page 821 and 822:
AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
Page 823 and 824:
AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
Page 825 and 826:
AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
Page 827 and 828:
Very little research has been done
Page 829 and 830:
AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
Page 831 and 832:
AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
Page 833 and 834:
Page 835 and 836:
Page 837 and 838:
AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
Page 839 and 840:
A literature search and review was
Page 841 and 842:
Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
Page 843 and 844:
The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
Page 845 and 846:
Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
Page 847 and 848:
Since the movement and fate of Pb i
Page 849 and 850:
Land Use and Industry Changes in la
Page 851 and 852:
lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
Page 853 and 854:
zinc; had very low pH; and were det
Page 855 and 856:
Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
Page 857 and 858:
iomass carbon. Because of this link
Page 859 and 860:
in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
Page 861 and 862:
the forested Lehstenbach catchment
Page 863 and 864:
there is little evidence that Pb ac
Page 865 and 866:
ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
Page 867 and 868:
To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
Page 869 and 870:
for the binding of free-metal ion a
Page 871 and 872:
partition in sediment between acid-
Page 873 and 874:
AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
Page 875 and 876:
varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
Page 877 and 878:
Organic compounds in surface waters
Page 879 and 880:
solution phase, complexation with c
Page 881 and 882:
The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
Page 883 and 884:
Lead Distributions Generated from t
Page 885 and 886:
AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
Page 887 and 888:
AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
Page 889 and 890:
AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
Page 891 and 892:
Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
Page 893 and 894:
Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
Page 895 and 896:
Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
Page 897 and 898:
AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
Page 899 and 900:
calculations indicate that only a s
Page 901 and 902:
from municipal sewage, storm runoff
Page 903 and 904:
AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mo
Page 905 and 906:
aquatic plants and insects and on t
Page 907 and 908:
designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
Page 909 and 910:
sequestering to organ tissues). The
Page 911 and 912:
AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
Page 913 and 914:
Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
Page 915 and 916:
1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
Page 917 and 918:
Studies have identified ALAD in fis
Page 919 and 920:
metals over nonessential metals. Th
Page 921 and 922:
In summary, relationships between a
Page 923 and 924:
potential toxic effects in other or
Page 925 and 926:
esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
Page 927 and 928:
carbon sources (including glucose),
Page 929 and 930:
separate concentration-effects mode
Page 931 and 932:
1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
Page 933 and 934:
Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
Page 935 and 936:
observed in Selenastrum capricornut
Page 937 and 938:
Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
Page 939 and 940:
1997). The most sensitive primary p
Page 941 and 942:
Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
Page 943 and 944:
AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
Page 945 and 946:
concentrations of
Page 947 and 948:
AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
Page 949 and 950:
AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
Page 951 and 952:
studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
Page 953 and 954:
However, in other cases multivariat
Page 955 and 956:
species was observed. Similar, sign
Page 957 and 958:
AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
Page 961 and 962:
variables, it does not imply causat
Page 963 and 964:
Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
Page 965 and 966:
metal levels. Furthermore, although
Page 967 and 968:
environment through bioaccumulation
Page 969 and 970:
Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
Page 971 and 972:
Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
Page 975 and 976:
Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
Page 977 and 978:
Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
Page 979 and 980:
Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
Page 981 and 982:
Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
Page 983 and 984:
Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
Page 987 and 988:
Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
Page 989 and 990:
Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
Page 993 and 994:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 995 and 996:
Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto
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