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Wasserman, G. A.; Factor-Litvak, P.; Liu, X.; Todd, A. C.; Kline, J. K.; Slavkovich, V.; Popovac, D.; Graziano, J. H. (2003) The relationship between blood Pb, bone Pb and child intelligence. Child Neuropsychol. 9: 22-34. Weaver, V. M.; Lee, B.-K.; Ahn, K.-D.; Lee, G.-S.; Todd, A. C.; Stewart, W. F.; Wen, J.; Simon, D. J.; Parsons, P. J.; Schwartz, B. S. (2003a) Associations of Pb biomarkers with renal function in Korean Pb workers. Occup. Environ. Med. 60: 551-562. Weaver, V. M.; Schwartz, B. S.; Ahn, K.-D.; Stewart, W. F.; Kelsey, K. T.; Todd, A. C.; Wen, J.; Simon, D. J.; Lustberg, M. E.; Parsons, P. J.; Silbergeld, E. K.; Lee, B.-K. (2003b) Associations of renal function with polymorphisms in the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, vitamin D receptor, and nitric oxide synthase genes in Korean Pb workers. Environ. Health Perspect. 111: 1613-1619. Weaver, V. M.; Lee, B.-K.; Todd, A. C.; Jaar, B. G.; Ahn, K.-D.; Wen, J.; Shi, W.; Parsons, P. J.; Schwartz, B. S. (2005a) Associations of patella Pb and other Pb biomarkers with renal function in Pb workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 47: 235-243. Weaver, V. M.; Jarr, B. G.; Schwartz, B. S.; Todd, A. C.; Ahn, K.-D.; Lee, S.-S.; Wen, J.; Parsons, P. J.; Lee, B.-K. (2005b) Associations among Pb dose biomarkers, uric acid, and renal function in Korean Pb workers. Environ. Health Perspect. 113: 36-42. Weaver, V. M.; Schwartz, B. S.; Jaar, B. G.; Ahn, K.-D.; Todd, A. C.; Lee, S.-S.; Kelsey, K. T.; Silbergeld, E. K.; Lustberg, M. E.; Parsons, P. J.; Wen, J.; Lee-B.-K. (2005c) Associations of uric acid with polymorphisms in the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, vitamin D receptor, and nitric oxide synthase genes in Korean Pb workers. Environ. Health Perspect. 113: 1509-1515. Wedeen, R. P.; Mallik, D. K.; Batuman, V. (1979) Detection and treatment of occupational Pb nephropathy. Arch. Intern. Med. 139: 53-57. Wedeen, R. P.; Batuman, V.; Landy, E. (1983) The safety of the EDTA Pb-mobilization test. Environ. Res. 30: 58-62. Weinberg, C. R.; Baird, D. D.; Rowland, A. S. (1993) Pitfalls inherent in retrospective time-to-event studies: the example of time to pregnancy. Stat. Med. 12: 867-879. Weinberg, C. R.; Baird, D. D.; Wilcox, A. J. (1994) Sources of bias in studies of time to pregnancy. Stat. Med. 13: 671-681. Weiss, S. T.; Munoz, A.; Stein, A.; Sparrow, D.; Speizer, F. E. (1986) The relationship of blood Pb to blood pressure in a longitudinal study of working men. Am. J. Epidemiol. 123: 800-808. Weisskopf, M. G.; Wright, R. O.; Schwartz, J.; Spiro, A., III; Sparrow, D.; Aro, A.; Hu, H. (2004a) Cumulative Pb exposure and prospective change in cognition among elderly men. The VA Normative Aging Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 160: 1184-1193. Weisskopf, M. G.; Hu, H.; Mulkern, R. V.; White, R.; Aro, A.; Oliveira, S.; Wright, R. O. (2004b) Cognitive deficits and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adult monozygotic twins with Pb poisoning. Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 620-625. Wesseling, C.; Pukkala, E.; Neuvonen, K.; Kauppinen, T.; Boffetta, P.; Partanen, T. (2002) Cancer of the brain and nervous system and ocupational exposures in Finnish women. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 44: 663-668. Wibberley, D. G.; Khera, A. K.; Edwards, J. H.; Rushton, D. I. (1977) Pb levels in human placentae from normal and malformed births. J. Med. Genet. 14: 339-345. Wigg, N. R.; Vimpani, G. V.; McMichael, A. J.; Baghurst, P. A.; Robertson, E. F.; Roberts, R. J. (1988) Port Pirie cohort study: childhood blood Pb and neuropsychological development at age two yrs. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 42: 213-219. Wildt, K.; Berlin, M.; Isberg, P. E. (1987) Monitoring of zinc protoporphyrin levels in blood following occupational Pb exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 12: 385-398. Wingren, G.; Axelson, O. (1985) Mortality pattern in a glass producing area in SE Sweden. Br. J. Ind. Med. 42: 411-414. Wingren, G.; Axelson, O. (1987) Mortality in the Swedish glassworks industry. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 13: 412-416. Wingren, G.; Axelson, O. (1993) Epidemiologic studies of occupational cancer as related to complex mixtures of trace elements in the art glass industry. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 19(suppl. 1): 95-100. Wingren, G. Englander, V. (1990) Mortality and cancer morbidity in a cohort of Swedish glassworkers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 62: 253-257. Winker, R.; Barth, A.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; Pilger, A.; Osterode, W.; Rüdiger, H. W. (2005) No cognitive deficits in men formerly exposed to Pb. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 117: 755-760. AX6-295
Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; Rüdiger, H. W.; Barth, A. (2006) Pb exposure levels and duration of exposure absence predict neurobehavioral performance. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 79: 123-127. Winneke, G.; Kraemer, U. (1984) Neuropsychological effects of Pb in children: interactions with social background variables. Neuropsychobiology 11: 195-202. Winneke, G.; Brockhaus, A.; Ewers, U.; Kramer, U.; Neuf, M. (1990) Results from the European multicenter study on Pb neurotoxicity in children: implications for risk assessment. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 12: 553-559. Winterberg, B.; Korte, R.; Bertram, H. P. (1991) Response: bone Pb is elevated in renal failure [letter]. Nephron 58: 496-497. Wittmers, L. E.; Aufderheide, A. C.; Wallgren, J.; Rapp, G.; Alich, A. (1988) Pb in bone. IV. Distribution of Pb in the human skeleton. Arch. Environ. Health 43: 381-391. Wolf, A. W.; Ernhart, C. B.; White, C. S. (1985) Intrauterine Pb exposure and early development. In: Lekkas, T. D., ed. International conference: heavy metals in the environment, v. 2; September; Athens, Greece. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: CEP Consultants, Ltd.; pp. 153-155. Wong, O.; Harris, F. (2000) Cancer mortality study of employees at Pb battery plants and Pb smelters, 1947-1955. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38: 255-270. Work Group of the Advisory Committee on Childlhood Pb Poisoning Prevention. (2004) A review of evidence of health effects of blood Pb levels
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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
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Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
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Authors, Contributors, and Reviewer
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
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Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
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Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
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BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
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CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
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EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
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GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
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KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
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NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
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Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
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RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
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TGF transforming growth factor TH t
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AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
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AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
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AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
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AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
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AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
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AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
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AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
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AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
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AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
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Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
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Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
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Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
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Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
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Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
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Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
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Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
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Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
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Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
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CCE Coordination Center for Effects
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DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
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FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
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H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
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MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
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NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
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PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
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AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
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AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
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AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
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AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
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AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
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AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
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AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
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AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
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AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
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AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
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AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
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AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
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AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
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AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
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AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
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AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
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AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
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AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
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AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
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AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
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AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
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AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
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AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
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AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
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AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
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AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
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AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
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Page 227 and 228:
AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
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AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
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AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
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AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
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AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
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AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
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AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
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AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
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AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
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AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
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AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
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AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
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AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
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AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
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AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
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AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
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AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
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AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
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AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
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AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
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AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
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AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
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AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
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AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
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AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
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AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
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REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
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Bataineh, H.; Al-Hamood, M. H.; Elb
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Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Huberm
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Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
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Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
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children's health: immune and respi
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Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
Page 345 and 346:
Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal ca
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Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
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Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
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Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
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Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldst
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Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
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Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
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Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
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O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
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Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
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Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
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Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
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Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
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Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
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Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
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Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
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Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
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List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
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CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
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DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
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FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
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HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
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NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
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ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
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AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
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AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
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AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
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AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
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AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
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AX6-50 Table AX6-3.4 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-56 Table AX6-3.6. Evoked Potent
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AX6-58 Table AX6-3.6 (cont’d). Ev
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AX6-60 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-62 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-64 Table AX6-3.8 (cont’d). Oc
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AX6-66 Table AX6-3.9. Other Neurolo
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AX6-68 Table AX6-3.9 (cont’d). Ot
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AX6-70 Table AX6-4.1. Renal Effects
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AX6-72 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-104 Table AX6-4.3. Renal Effect
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AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
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AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
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AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
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AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
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AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
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AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
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AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
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AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
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AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
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AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
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Page 661 and 662: AX6-244 Table AX6-9.6 (cont’d). E
Page 675 and 676: AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
Page 677 and 678: REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
Page 679 and 680: Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
Page 681 and 682: Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stew
Page 683 and 684: Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
Page 685 and 686: David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
Page 687 and 688: Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
Page 689 and 690: Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
Page 691 and 692: Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
Page 693 and 694: Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
Page 695 and 696: Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
Page 697 and 698: Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
Page 699 and 700: Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
Page 701 and 702: Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
Page 703 and 704: Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
Page 705 and 706: Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
Page 707 and 708: Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
Page 709 and 710: Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
Page 711: Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
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Page 717 and 718: PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
Page 719 and 720: drafts of document materials were r
Page 721 and 722: Table of Contents PREFACE..........
Page 723 and 724: Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
Page 725 and 726: List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
Page 727 and 728: List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
Page 729 and 730: Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 731 and 732: Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 733 and 734: Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
Page 735 and 736: Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
Page 737 and 738: Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
Page 739 and 740: ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 741 and 742: CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 743 and 744: DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 745 and 746: FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 747 and 748: HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
Page 749 and 750: MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 751 and 752: NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 753 and 754: ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 755 and 756: SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
Page 757 and 758: vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
Page 759 and 760: Pb is ideally suited for this task.
Page 761 and 762: Concept For a given metal or metall
Page 763 and 764:
(1979) observed that “the smaller
Page 765 and 766:
Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
Page 767 and 768:
• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
Page 769 and 770:
Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
Page 771 and 772:
diffraction lines and comparing the
Page 773 and 774:
The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
Page 775 and 776:
techniques can be useful in a study
Page 777 and 778:
have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
Page 779 and 780:
to 15 years after biosolid applicat
Page 781 and 782:
thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
Page 783 and 784:
completely extract targeted phases.
Page 785 and 786:
epresents Eb. The precise energy re
Page 787 and 788:
1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
Page 789 and 790:
T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
Page 791 and 792:
floor) time-series data to evaluate
Page 793 and 794:
contributions of dry deposition may
Page 795 and 796:
Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
Page 797 and 798:
thought to enter the plant via the
Page 799 and 800:
soil was not allowed to equilibrate
Page 801 and 802:
Lead concentrations in various tiss
Page 803 and 804:
that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
Page 805 and 806:
plasma levels of uric acid and crea
Page 807 and 808:
effective use of glutathione metabo
Page 809 and 810:
and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
Page 811 and 812:
other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
Page 813 and 814:
Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
Page 815 and 816:
organism responses to Pb. Section A
Page 817 and 818:
Primary Producers Commonly reported
Page 819 and 820:
solution and minimal translocation
Page 821 and 822:
AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
Page 823 and 824:
AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
Page 825 and 826:
AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
Page 827 and 828:
Very little research has been done
Page 829 and 830:
AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
Page 831 and 832:
AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
Page 833 and 834:
Page 835 and 836:
Page 837 and 838:
AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
Page 839 and 840:
A literature search and review was
Page 841 and 842:
Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
Page 843 and 844:
The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
Page 845 and 846:
Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
Page 847 and 848:
Since the movement and fate of Pb i
Page 849 and 850:
Land Use and Industry Changes in la
Page 851 and 852:
lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
Page 853 and 854:
zinc; had very low pH; and were det
Page 855 and 856:
Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
Page 857 and 858:
iomass carbon. Because of this link
Page 859 and 860:
in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
Page 861 and 862:
the forested Lehstenbach catchment
Page 863 and 864:
there is little evidence that Pb ac
Page 865 and 866:
ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
Page 867 and 868:
To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
Page 869 and 870:
for the binding of free-metal ion a
Page 871 and 872:
partition in sediment between acid-
Page 873 and 874:
AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
Page 875 and 876:
varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
Page 877 and 878:
Organic compounds in surface waters
Page 879 and 880:
solution phase, complexation with c
Page 881 and 882:
The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
Page 883 and 884:
Lead Distributions Generated from t
Page 885 and 886:
AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
Page 887 and 888:
AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
Page 889 and 890:
AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
Page 891 and 892:
Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
Page 893 and 894:
Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
Page 895 and 896:
Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
Page 897 and 898:
AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
Page 899 and 900:
calculations indicate that only a s
Page 901 and 902:
from municipal sewage, storm runoff
Page 903 and 904:
AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mo
Page 905 and 906:
aquatic plants and insects and on t
Page 907 and 908:
designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
Page 909 and 910:
sequestering to organ tissues). The
Page 911 and 912:
AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
Page 913 and 914:
Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
Page 915 and 916:
1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
Page 917 and 918:
Studies have identified ALAD in fis
Page 919 and 920:
metals over nonessential metals. Th
Page 921 and 922:
In summary, relationships between a
Page 923 and 924:
potential toxic effects in other or
Page 925 and 926:
esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
Page 927 and 928:
carbon sources (including glucose),
Page 929 and 930:
separate concentration-effects mode
Page 931 and 932:
1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
Page 933 and 934:
Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
Page 935 and 936:
observed in Selenastrum capricornut
Page 937 and 938:
Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
Page 939 and 940:
1997). The most sensitive primary p
Page 941 and 942:
Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
Page 943 and 944:
AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
Page 945 and 946:
concentrations of
Page 947 and 948:
AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
Page 949 and 950:
AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
Page 951 and 952:
studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
Page 953 and 954:
However, in other cases multivariat
Page 955 and 956:
species was observed. Similar, sign
Page 957 and 958:
AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
Page 961 and 962:
variables, it does not imply causat
Page 963 and 964:
Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
Page 965 and 966:
metal levels. Furthermore, although
Page 967 and 968:
environment through bioaccumulation
Page 969 and 970:
Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
Page 971 and 972:
Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
Page 975 and 976:
Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
Page 977 and 978:
Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
Page 979 and 980:
Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
Page 981 and 982:
Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
Page 983 and 984:
Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
Page 987 and 988:
Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
Page 989 and 990:
Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
Page 993 and 994:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 995 and 996:
Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto
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