Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

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Bellinger, D.; Leviton, A.; Waternaux, C.; Needleman, H.; Rabinowitz, M. (1987) Longitudinal analyses of prenatal and postnatal Pb exposure and early cognitive development. N. Engl. J. Med. 316: 1037-1043. Bellinger, D.; Leviton, A.; Waternaux, C.; Needleman, H.; Rabinowitz, M. (1988) Low-level Pb exposure, social class, and infant development. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 10: 497-503. Bellinger, D.; Leviton, A.; Waternaux, C. (1989) Pb, IQ and social class. Int. J. Epidemiol. 18: 180-185. Bellinger, D.; Leviton, A.; Rabinowitz, M.; Allred, E.; Needleman, H.; Schoenbaum, S. (1991) Weight gain and maturity in fetuses exposed to low levels of Pb. Environ. Res. 54: 151-158. Bellinger, D. C.; Stiles, K. M.; Needleman, H. L. (1992) Low-level Pb exposure, intelligence and academic achievement: a long-term follow-up study. Pediatrics 90: 855-861. Bellinger, D.; Hu, H.; Titlebaum, L.; Needleman, H. L. (1994a) Attentional correlates of dentin and bone Pb levels in adolescents. Arch. Environ. Health 49: 98-105. Bellinger, D.; Leviton, A.; Allred, E.; Rabinowitz, M. (1994b) Pre- and postnatal Pb exposure and behavior problems in school-aged children. Environ. Res. 66: 12-30. Bellinger, D. C.; Hu, H.; Kalaniti, K.; Thomas, N.; Rajan, P.; Sambandam, S.; Ramaswamy, P.; Balakrishnan, K. (2005) A pilot study of blood Pb levels and neurobehavioral function in children living in Chennai, India. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 11: 138-143. Benetou-Marantidou, A.; Nakou, S.; Micheloyannis, J. (1988) Neurobehavioral estimation of children with life-long increased Pb exposure. Arch. Environ. Health 43: 392-395. Benoff, S.; Centola, G. M.; Millan, C.; Napolitano, B.; Marmar, J. L.; Hurley, I. R. (2003a) Increased seminal plasma Pb levels adversely affect the fertility potential of sperm in IVF. Hum. Reprod. 18: 374-383. Benoff, S.; Hurley, I. R.; Millan, C.; Napolitano, B.; Centola, G. M. (2003b) Seminal Pb concentrations negatively affect outcomes of artificial insemination. Fertil. Steril. 80: 517-525. Bercovitz, K.; Laufer, D. (1991) Age and gender influence on Pb accumulation in root dentine of human permanent teeth. Arch. Oral Biol. 36: 671-673. Bergdahl, I. A.; Gerhardsson, L.; Schütz, A.; Desnick, R. J.; Wetmur, J. G.; Skerfving, S. (1997) Deltaaminolevulinic acid dehydratase polymorphism: influence on Pb levels and kidney function in humans. Arch. Environ. Health 52: 91-96. Bergeret, A.; Pouget, E.; Tedone, R.; Meygert, T.; Cadot, R.; Descotes, J. (1990) Neutrophil functions in Pbexposed workers. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 9: 231-233. Bernard, A. (2004) Renal dysfunction induced by cadmium: biomarkers of critical effects. Biometals 17: 519-523. Bernard, A.; Thielemans, N.; Roels, H.; Lauwerys, R. (1995a) Association between NAG-B and cadmium in urine with no evidence of a threshold. Occup. Environ. Med. 52: 177-180. Bernard, A. M.; Vyskocil, A.; Roels, H.; Kriz, J.; Kodl, M.; Lauwerys, R. (1995b) Renal effects in children living in the vicinity of a Pb smelter. Environ. Res. 68: 91-95. Bhattacharya, A.; Shukla, R.; Dietrich, K.; Bornschein, R.; Berger, O. (1995) Effect of early Pb exposure on children's postural balance. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 37: 861-878. Bleecker, M.; Bolla-Wilson, K.; Kawas, C.; Agnew, J. (1988) Age-specific norms for the mini-mental state exam. Neurology 38: 1565-1568. Bleecker, M. L.; Lindgren, K. N.; Ford, D. P. (1997a) Differential contribution of current and cumulative indices of Pb dose to neuropsychological performance by age. Neurology 48: 639-645. Bleecker, M. L.; Lindgren, K. N.; Tiburzi, M. J.; Ford, D. P. (1997b) Curvilinear relationship between blood Pb level and reaction time. Differential association with blood Pb fractions derived from exogenous and endogenous sources. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 39: 426-431. Bleecker, M. L.; Lindgren, K. N.; Ford, D. P.; Tiburzi, M. J. (2002) The interaction of education and cumulative Pb exposure on the mini-mental state examination. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 44: 574-578. Bleecker, M. L.; Ford, D. P.; Lindgren, K. N.; Scheetz, K.; Tiburzi, M. J. (2003) Association of chronic and current measures of Pb exposure with different components of brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Neurotoxicology 24: 625-631. Bleecker, M. L.; Ford, D. P.; Lindgren, K. N.; Hoese, V. M.; Walsh, K. S.; Vaughan, C. G. (2005a) Differential effects of Pb exposure on components of verbal memory. Occup. Environ. Med. 62: 181-187. Bleecker, M. L.; Ford, D. P.; Baughan, C. G.; Lindgren, K. N.; Tiburzi, M. J.; Walsh, K. S. (2005b) Effect of Pb exposure and ergonomic stressors on peripheral nerve function. Environ. Health Perspect. 113: 1730-1734. Boey, K. W.; Jeyaratnam, J. (1988) A discriminant analysis of neuropsychological effect of low Pb exposure. Toxicology 49: 309-314. Bogden, J. D.; Thind, I. S.; Louria, D. B.; Caterini, H. (1978) Maternal and cord blood metal concentrations and low birth weight—a case-control study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 1181-1187. AX6-263
Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stewart, W.; Rignani, J.; Agnew, J.; Ford, D. P. (1995) Comparison of neurobehavioral function in workers exposed to a mixture of organic and inorganic Pb and in workers exposed to solvents. Am. J. Ind. Med. 27: 231-246. Bonde, J. P. E.; Kolstad, H. (1997) Fertility of Danish battery workers exposed to Pb. Int. J. Epidemiol. 26: 1281-1288. Bonde, J. P.; Joffe, M.; Apostoli, P.; Dale, A. Kiss, P.; Spano, M.; Caruso, F.; Giwercman, A.; Bisanti, L.; Porru, S.; Vanhoorne, M.; Comhaire, F.; Zschiesche, W. (2002) Sperm count and chromatin structure in men exposed to inorganic Pb: lowest adverse effect levels. Occup. Environ. Med. 59: 243-242. Borja-Aburto, V. H.; Hertz-Picciotto, I.; Lopez, M. R.; Farias, P.; Rios, C.; Blanco, J. (1999) Blood Pb levels measured prospectively and risk of spontaneous abortion. Am. J. Epidemiol. 150: 590-597. Bornschein, R. L.; Rabinowitz, M. B. (1985) The second international conference on prospective studies of Pb - foreword. Environ. Res. 38: 1-2. Bornschein, R. L.; Grote, J.; Mitchell, T., Succop. P. A.; Dietrich, K. N.; Krafft, K. M.; Hammond, P. B. (1989) Effects of prenatal Pb exposure on infant size at birth. In: Smith, M. A.; Grant, L. D.; Sors, A. I., eds. Pb exposure and child development: an international assessment [workshop organized by the Commission of the European Communities and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]; September 1986; Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers BV; pp. 307-319. Bost, L.; Primatesta, P.; Dong, W.; Poulter, N. (1999) Blood Pb and blood pressure: evidence from the Health Survey for England 1995. J. Hum. Hypertens. 13: 123-128. Bound, J. P.; Harvey, P. W.; Francis, B. J.; Awwad, F.; Gatrell, A. C. (1997) Involvement of deprivation and environmental Pb in neural tube defects: a matched case-control study. Arch. Dis. Child. 76: 107-112. Bratton, G. R.; Hiney, J. K.; Dees, W. L. (1994) Pb (Pb) alters the norepinephrine-induced secretion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone from the medium eminence of adult male rats in vitro. Life Sci. 55: 563-571. Braun, C. M. J.; Daigneault, S. (1991) Sparing of cognitive executive functions and impairment of motor functions after industrial exposure to Pb: a field study with control group. Neuropsychology 5: 179-193. Braunstein, G. D.; Dahlgren, J.; Loriaux, D. L. (1978) Hypogonadism in chronically Pb-poisoned men. Infertility 1: 33-51. Brody, D. J.; Pirkle, J. L.; Kramer, R. A.; Flegal, K. M.; Matte, T. D.; Gunter, E. W.; Paschal, D. C. (1994) Blood Pb levels in the US population: phase 1 of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1991). JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. 272: 277-283. Buchet, J. P.; Lauwerys, R.; Roels, H.; Bernard, A.; Bruaux, P.; Claeys, F.; Ducoffre, G.; De Plaen, P.; Staesen, J.; Amery, A.; Linjen, P.; Thijs, L.; Rondia, D.; Sartor, F.; Saint Remy, A.; Nick, L. (1990) Renal effects of cadmium body burden of the general population. Lancet 336: 699-702. Burns, J. M.; Baghurst, P. A.; Sawyer, M. G.; McMichael, A. J.; Tong, S.-L. (1999) Lifetime low-level exposure to environmental Pb and children's emotional and behavioral development at ages 11-13 yrs. The Port Pirie cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 149: 740-749. Campara, P.; D'Andrea, F.; Micciolo, R.; Savonitto, C.; Tansella, M.; Zimmermann-Tansella, C. (1984) Psychological performance of workers with blood-Pb concentration below the current threshold limit value. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 53: 233-246. Campbell, B. C.; Meredith, P. A.; Scott, J. J. C. (1985) Pb exposure and changes in the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system in man. Toxicol. Lett. 25: 25-32. Campbell, J. R.; Moss, M. E.; Raubertas, R. F. (2000) The association between caries and childhood Pb exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 108: 1099-1102. Canfield, R. L.; Henderson, C. R., Jr.; Cory-Slechta, D. A.; Cox, C.; Jusko, T. A.; Lanphear, B. P. (2003a) Intellectual impairment in children with blood Pb concentrations below 10 μg per deciliter. N. Engl. J. Med. 348: 1517-1526. Canfield, R. L.; Kreher, D. A.; Cornwell, C.; Henderson, C. R., Jr. (2003b) Low-level Pb exposure, executive functioning, and learning in early childhood. Child Neuropsychol. 9: 35-53. Canfield, R. L.; Gendle, M. H.; Cory-Slechta, D. A. (2004) Impaired neuropsychological functioning in Pb-exposed children. Dev. Neuropsychol. 26: 513-540. Cantarow, A.; Trumper, M. (1944) Pb poisoning. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Co. Cárdenas, A.; Roels, H.; Bernard, A. M.; Barbon, R.; Buchet, J. P.; Lauwerys, R. R.; Roselló, J.; Ramis, I.; Mutti, A.; Franchini, I.; Fels, L. M.; Stolte, H.; De Broe, M. E.; Nuyts, G. D.; Taylor, S. A.; Price, R. G. (1993) Markers of early renal changes induced by industrial pollutants. II. Application to workers exposed to Pb. Br. J. Ind. Med. 50: 28-36. AX6-264
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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
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Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
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Authors, Contributors, and Reviewer
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
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Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
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Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
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BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
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CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
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EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
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GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
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KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
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NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
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Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
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RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
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TGF transforming growth factor TH t
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AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
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AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
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AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
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AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
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AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
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AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
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AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
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AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
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AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
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Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
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Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
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Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
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Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
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Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
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Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
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Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
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Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
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Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
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CCE Coordination Center for Effects
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DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
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FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
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H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
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MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
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NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
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PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
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AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
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AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
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AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
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AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
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AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
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AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
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AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
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AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
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AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
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AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
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AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
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AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
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AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
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AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
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AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
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AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
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AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
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AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
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AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
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AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
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AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
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AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
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AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
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AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
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AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
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AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
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AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
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AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
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AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
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AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
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AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
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AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
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AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
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AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
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AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
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AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
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AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
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AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
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AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
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AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
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AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
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AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
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AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
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AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
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AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
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AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
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AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
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AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
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AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
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AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
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AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
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AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
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REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
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Bataineh, H.; Al-Hamood, M. H.; Elb
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Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Huberm
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Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
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Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
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children's health: immune and respi
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Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
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Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal ca
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Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
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Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
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Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
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Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldst
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Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
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Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
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Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
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O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
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Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
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Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
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Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
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Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
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Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
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Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
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Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
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Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
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List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
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ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
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CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
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DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
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FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
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HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
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NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
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ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
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AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
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AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
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AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
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AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
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AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
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AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
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AX6-50 Table AX6-3.4 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-56 Table AX6-3.6. Evoked Potent
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AX6-58 Table AX6-3.6 (cont’d). Ev
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AX6-60 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-62 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-64 Table AX6-3.8 (cont’d). Oc
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AX6-66 Table AX6-3.9. Other Neurolo
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AX6-68 Table AX6-3.9 (cont’d). Ot
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AX6-70 Table AX6-4.1. Renal Effects
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AX6-72 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-104 Table AX6-4.3. Renal Effect
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AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
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AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
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AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
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AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
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AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
Page 595 and 596:
Page 597 and 598:
Page 599 and 600:
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
Page 605 and 606:
AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
Page 607 and 608:
AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
Page 609 and 610:
AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
Page 611 and 612:
AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
Page 613 and 614:
AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
Page 615 and 616:
Page 617 and 618:
Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
Page 625 and 626:
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630: AX6-212 Table AX6-8.2 (cont’d). E
Page 637 and 638: ANNEX TABLES AX6-9 AX6-220
Page 641 and 642: AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
Page 649 and 650: AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
Page 651 and 652: AX6-234 Table AX6-9.4. Effects of L
Page 675 and 676: AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
Page 677 and 678: REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
Page 679: Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
Page 683 and 684: Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
Page 685 and 686: David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
Page 687 and 688: Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
Page 689 and 690: Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
Page 691 and 692: Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
Page 693 and 694: Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
Page 695 and 696: Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
Page 697 and 698: Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
Page 699 and 700: Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
Page 701 and 702: Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
Page 703 and 704: Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
Page 705 and 706: Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
Page 707 and 708: Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
Page 709 and 710: Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
Page 711 and 712: Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
Page 713 and 714: Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; R
Page 715 and 716: October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
Page 717 and 718: PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
Page 719 and 720: drafts of document materials were r
Page 721 and 722: Table of Contents PREFACE..........
Page 723 and 724: Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
Page 725 and 726: List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
Page 727 and 728: List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
Page 729 and 730: Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Page 735 and 736:
Page 737 and 738:
Page 739 and 740:
ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 741 and 742:
CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 743 and 744:
DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 745 and 746:
FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 747 and 748:
HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
Page 749 and 750:
MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 751 and 752:
NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 753 and 754:
ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 755 and 756:
Page 757 and 758:
Page 759 and 760:
Pb is ideally suited for this task.
Page 761 and 762:
Concept For a given metal or metall
Page 763 and 764:
(1979) observed that “the smaller
Page 765 and 766:
Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
Page 767 and 768:
• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
Page 769 and 770:
Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
Page 771 and 772:
diffraction lines and comparing the
Page 773 and 774:
The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
Page 775 and 776:
techniques can be useful in a study
Page 777 and 778:
have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
Page 779 and 780:
to 15 years after biosolid applicat
Page 781 and 782:
thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
Page 783 and 784:
completely extract targeted phases.
Page 785 and 786:
epresents Eb. The precise energy re
Page 787 and 788:
1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
Page 789 and 790:
T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
Page 791 and 792:
floor) time-series data to evaluate
Page 793 and 794:
contributions of dry deposition may
Page 795 and 796:
Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
Page 797 and 798:
thought to enter the plant via the
Page 799 and 800:
soil was not allowed to equilibrate
Page 801 and 802:
Lead concentrations in various tiss
Page 803 and 804:
that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
Page 805 and 806:
plasma levels of uric acid and crea
Page 807 and 808:
effective use of glutathione metabo
Page 809 and 810:
and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
Page 811 and 812:
other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
Page 813 and 814:
Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
Page 815 and 816:
organism responses to Pb. Section A
Page 817 and 818:
Primary Producers Commonly reported
Page 819 and 820:
solution and minimal translocation
Page 821 and 822:
AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
Page 823 and 824:
AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
Page 825 and 826:
AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
Page 827 and 828:
Very little research has been done
Page 829 and 830:
AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
Page 831 and 832:
AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
Page 833 and 834:
Page 835 and 836:
Page 837 and 838:
AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
Page 839 and 840:
A literature search and review was
Page 841 and 842:
Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
Page 843 and 844:
The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
Page 845 and 846:
Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
Page 847 and 848:
Since the movement and fate of Pb i
Page 849 and 850:
Land Use and Industry Changes in la
Page 851 and 852:
lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
Page 853 and 854:
zinc; had very low pH; and were det
Page 855 and 856:
Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
Page 857 and 858:
iomass carbon. Because of this link
Page 859 and 860:
in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
Page 861 and 862:
the forested Lehstenbach catchment
Page 863 and 864:
there is little evidence that Pb ac
Page 865 and 866:
ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
Page 867 and 868:
To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
Page 869 and 870:
for the binding of free-metal ion a
Page 871 and 872:
partition in sediment between acid-
Page 873 and 874:
AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
Page 875 and 876:
varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
Page 877 and 878:
Organic compounds in surface waters
Page 879 and 880:
solution phase, complexation with c
Page 881 and 882:
The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
Page 883 and 884:
Lead Distributions Generated from t
Page 885 and 886:
AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
Page 887 and 888:
AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
Page 889 and 890:
AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
Page 891 and 892:
Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
Page 893 and 894:
Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
Page 895 and 896:
Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
Page 897 and 898:
AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
Page 899 and 900:
calculations indicate that only a s
Page 901 and 902:
from municipal sewage, storm runoff
Page 903 and 904:
AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mo
Page 905 and 906:
aquatic plants and insects and on t
Page 907 and 908:
designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
Page 909 and 910:
sequestering to organ tissues). The
Page 911 and 912:
AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
Page 913 and 914:
Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
Page 915 and 916:
1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
Page 917 and 918:
Studies have identified ALAD in fis
Page 919 and 920:
metals over nonessential metals. Th
Page 921 and 922:
In summary, relationships between a
Page 923 and 924:
potential toxic effects in other or
Page 925 and 926:
esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
Page 927 and 928:
carbon sources (including glucose),
Page 929 and 930:
separate concentration-effects mode
Page 931 and 932:
1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
Page 933 and 934:
Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
Page 935 and 936:
observed in Selenastrum capricornut
Page 937 and 938:
Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
Page 939 and 940:
1997). The most sensitive primary p
Page 941 and 942:
Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
Page 943 and 944:
AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
Page 945 and 946:
concentrations of
Page 947 and 948:
AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
Page 949 and 950:
AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
Page 951 and 952:
studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
Page 953 and 954:
However, in other cases multivariat
Page 955 and 956:
species was observed. Similar, sign
Page 957 and 958:
AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
Page 961 and 962:
variables, it does not imply causat
Page 963 and 964:
Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
Page 965 and 966:
metal levels. Furthermore, although
Page 967 and 968:
environment through bioaccumulation
Page 969 and 970:
Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
Page 971 and 972:
Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
Page 975 and 976:
Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
Page 977 and 978:
Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
Page 979 and 980:
Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
Page 981 and 982:
Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
Page 983 and 984:
Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
Page 987 and 988:
Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
Page 989 and 990:
Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
Page 993 and 994:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 995 and 996:
Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto
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