Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-257
Table AX6-9.9 (cont’d). Effects of Lead on Bone and Teeth in Children and Adults
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
Adults
United States
Dye et al. (2002)
U.S.
1988–1994
Europe
Tvinnereim et al.
(2000)
Norway
1990–1994
Design: cross-sectional national survey
(NHANES III)
Subjects: adults in general population
(n = 10,033; 5,255 females), ages 20–69 yr
Outcome measures: symptoms of
periodontal bone loss (attachment loss,
periodontal pocket depth)
Analysis: multivariate linear regression
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: 1,271 teeth samples collected by
dentists in all 19 counties in Norway
Analysis: Student’s t-test comparing metal
concentrations in teeth with caries, roots, and
in different tooth groups
Blood Pb (:g/dL) geometric
mean (SE, range):
2.5 (0.08) (2.36% > 10)
Tooth Pb (:g/g tooth)
geometric mean (SD,
range):
1.16 (1.72, 0.12–18.76)
Increasing blood Pb (log-transformed) was significantly associated
with increasing prevalence of covariate-adjusted dental furcation
(∃ = 0.13 [SE 0.05], p = 0.005). Covariates retained: age, sex,
race/ethnicity, education, smoking, and age of home. Smoking
status interaction was significant when included in the model as an
interaction term (∃ = 0.10 [SE 0.05], p = 0.034). When stratified by
smoking status, association between dental furcation and blood Pb
was significant for current smokers (∃ = 0.21 [SE 0.07], p = 0.004)
and former smokers (∃ = 0.17 [SE 0.07], p = 0.015), but not for
nonsmokers (∃ = −0.02 [SE 0.07], p = 0.747).
Also examined mercury, cadmium, and zinc. All tooth groups had
higher Pb concentrations in carious than in non-carious teeth. The
geometric mean Pb concentration in carious teeth was 1.36 :g/g
compared to 1.10 :g/g (p = 0.001).