Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-255
Table AX6-9.9. Effects of Lead on Bone and Teeth in Children and Adults
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
Children
United States
Moss et al. (1999)
U.S.
1988–1994
Design: cross-sectional national survey
(NHANES III)
Subjects: general population (n = 24,901),
ages 2–5 yr (n = 3,547), 6–11 yr (n = 2,894),
∃12 yr (18,460)
Outcome measures: number of caries (dfs,
DFS, DMFS)
Analysis: multivariate linear regression and
logistic regression
Blood Pb (:g/dL) geometric
mean (SE):
2–5 yr: 2.90 (0.12)
6–11 yr: 2.07 (0.08)
∃12 yr: 2.49 (0.06)
Increasing blood Pb concentration (log-transformed) significantly
associated with covariate adjusted increases in dfs:
2–5 yr: ∃ = 1.78 (SE 0.59), p = 0.004
6–11 yr: ∃ = 1.42 (SE 0.51), p = 0.007
Increases in DFS:
6–11 yr: ∃ = 0.48 (SE 0.22), p = 0.03
∃12 yr: ∃ = 2.50 (SE 0.69), p < 0.001
Increases in DMFS:
∃12 yr: ∃ = 5.48 (SE 1.44), p = 0.01
Odds ratio (OR) for caries (∃1 DMFS, ages 5–17 yr) and population
attributable risk (PAR) in association with 2nd or 3rd blood Pb
tertiles, compared to 1st tertile were:
1st tertile (#1.66 :g/dL)
2nd tertile (1.66–3.52 :g/dL): OR = 1.36 (95% CI: 1.01, 2.83);
PAR = 9.6%
3rd tertile (>3.52 :g/dL): OR = 1.66 (95% CI: 1.12, 2.48);
PAR = 13.5%
For an increase of blood Pb of 5 :g/dL, OR = 1.8 (95% CI: 1.3, 2.5)
Covariates retained were age, gender, race/ethnicity, poverty income
ratio, exposure to cigarette smoke, geographic region, educational
level of head of household, carbohydrate and calcium intakes, and
dental visits.