Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-252
Table AX6-9.7 (cont’d). Effects of Lead on the Hepatic System in Children and Adults
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
Asia (cont’d)
Hsiao et al. (2001)
China
1989–1999
Satarug et al. (2004)
Thailand
NR
Design: longitudinal
Subjects: adult battery manufacture workers
(n = 30, 13 females), mean age 38.3 yr
Outcome measures: serum ALT
Analysis: GEE for repeated measures
(models: linear correlation, threshold
change, synchronous change, lag change);
logistic regression
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: adults from general population
(n = 118, 65 female), age range, 21–57 yr
Outcome measures: coumarin-induced
urinary 7-OH-coumarin (marker for
CYP2A6 activity)
Analysis: multivariate linear regression
Blood Pb (µg/dL) mean:
1989: 60 (~25–100)
1999: 30 (~10–60)
Urinary Pb (µg/g
creatinine) mean
(SD, range):
Males: 1.3 (1.8, 0.1–12)
Females: 2.4 (1.1, 0.6–6.8)
Serum Pb (µg/L) mean
(SD, range):
Males: 4.2 (5.4, 1–28)
Females: 3.0 (2.2, 1–12)
No association between blood Pb and ALT.
Odds ratios (95% CI):
Synchronous change model: 1.25 (0.69, 2.25)
Lag change: 1.76 (0.76, 4.07)
Significant association between increasing urinary Pb and decreasing
covariate-adjusted urinary 7-OH-coumarin (∃ = −0.29, p = 0.003) in
males, but not in females. Covariates retained: age and zinc
excretion. Significant association in opposite direction between
urinary cadmium and urinary 7-OH-coumarin (∃ = 0.38, p = 0.006).