Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-241
Table AX6-9.5. Effects of Lead on the Endocrine System in Children
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
United States
Mahaffey et al. (1982)
Wisconsin, New York
NR
Rosen et al. (1980)
New York
NR
Sorrell et al. (1977)
New York
1971–1975
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: children/adolescents (n = 177),
ages 1–16 yr
Outcome measures: serum 1,25-OH-D
Analysis: comparison of outcome measures
between age, location and blood Pb strata,
linear regression
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: children (n = 45), ages 1–5 yr
Outcome measures: serum calcium, PTH,
25-OH-D, 1,25-OH-D
Analysis: comparison of outcome measures
between blood Pb strata, and before and after
chelation, correlation
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: children (124), ages 1–6 yr
Outcome measures: serum calcium,
phosphate, 25-OH-D
Analysis: comparison of outcome measures
between blood Pb strata, correlation
Blood Pb (µg/dL) range:
12–120
Blood Pb (µg/dL) mean
(SE, range):
#29 (n = 15): 18
(1, 10–26)
30–59 (n = 18): 47
(2, 33–55)
∃60 (n = 12): 74
(98, 62–120)
Blood Pb (µg/dL) mean
(SE):
#29 (n = 40): 23 (1)
30–59 (n = 35): 48 (1)
∃60 (n = 49): 84 (5.0)
Serum 1,25-OH-D levels were significantly (p = 0.05) higher in the
age group 11–16 yr compared to age groups 1–5 or 6–10 yr.
Increasing blood Pb (log-transformed) significantly associated with
decreasing serum 1,25-OH-D levels in children 1–5 yr of age
(∀ = 74.5, ∃ = −34.5, r = −0.884, n = 50)
Dietary calcium: NR
Significantly higher serum PTH levels and lower 25-OH-D in high-
Pb group compared to low-Pb group; significantly lower 1,25-OH-D
levels in moderate- and high-Pb group compared to low-Pb group.
Serum levels of 1,25-OH-D were negatively correlated with blood
Pb (high Pb: r = −0.71, moderate: r = −0.63, p < 0.01). After
chelation therapy, blood Pb decreased and serum 1,25-OH-D levels
increased to levels not significantly different (p > 0.1) from low-Pb
group, 25-OH-D levels were unchanged.
Dietary calcium intake (mg/day) mean (SE):
Low Pb: 800 (30)
Moderate Pb: 780 (25)
High Pb: 580 (15)
Serum calcium and 25-OH-D were significantly lower in high Pb
group (p < 0.001). Significant negative correlation between blood
Pb and serum calcium (high Pb, r = −0.78, p < 0.001) or calcium
intake high Pb, (r = −0.82, p < 0.001) in all three Pb strata. Serum
25-OH-D was significantly positively correlated with vitamin D
intake, but not with blood Pb.
Dietary calcium intake (mg/day) mean (SE):
Low Pb: 770 (20)
Moderate Pb: 760 (28)
High Pb: 610 (20)