Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-221
Table AX6-9.1. Effects of Lead on Biochemical Effects in Children
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
United States
Marcus and Schwartz
(1987)
U.S.
1976–1980
Piomelli et al. (1982)
New York
1976
Soldin et al. (2003)
Washington DC
2001–2002
Europe
Roels and Lauwerys
(1987)
Belgium
1974–1980
Design: cross-sectional national survey
(NHANES II)
Subjects: ages 2-6 yr (n = 1677)
Outcome measures: EP, red blood cell count,
mean corpuscular volume, iron status variables
Analysis: nonlinear least squares regression
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: children (n = 2002), ages 2–12 yr
Outcome measures: EP
Analysis: linear regression
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: children (n = 4908, 1812 females),
age range 0–17 yr
Outcome measures: EP
Analysis: locally weighted scatter plot
smoother (LOWESS)
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: children (n = 143), age range
10–13 yr
Outcome measures: ALAD, urinary ALA, EP
Analysis: linear regression, correlation
Blood Pb (µg/dL) range:
6-65
Blood Pb (µg/dL) range:
2–98
Blood Pb (µg/dL):
Mean (range 1–17 yr):
2.2–3.3
Median (1–17 yr): 3
Range: 31%).
Regression equation relating blood Pb concentration to EP
(log-transformed):
∀ = 1.099, ∃ = 0.016, r = 0.509, p < 0.001
Threshold for increase in EP estimated to be: 15.4 µg/dL (95%
CI: 12.9, 18.2)
EP increases as blood Pb concentration increased above
15 mg/dL. A doubling of EP occurred with an increase in blood
Pb concentration of ~20 µg/dL (a polynomial expression for EP as
a function of blood Pb (PbB) is:
EP = −0.0015(blood Pb) 3 + 0.1854(blood Pb) 2 − 2.7554(blood Pb)
+ 30.911 (r 2 = 0.9986)
(derived from data in Table 2 of Soldin et al. (2003)
Linear regression for EP (log-transformed) and blood Pb
concentration:
∀ = 1.321, ∃ = 0.025, r = 0.73 (n = 51)
Linear regression for ALA (log-transformed) and blood Pb
concentration:
∀ = 0.94, ∃ = 0.11, r = 0.54 (n = 37)
Linear regression for ALAD (log-transformed) and blood Pb
concentration:
∀ = 1.864, ∃ = −0.015, r = −0.87 (n = 143)