Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-209
Table AX6-8.1 (cont’d). Effects of Lead on Immune Function in Children
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
Europe (cont’d)
Reigart and Graber
(1976)
NR
NR
Wagnerova et al. (1986)
Czech
NR
Latin America
Pineda-Zavaleta et al.
(2004)
Mexico
NR
Design: clinical
Subjects: children (n = 19), ages 4–6 yrs
Outcome measures: serum IgA, IgG, IgM,
total complement and C-3, before and after
immunization with tetanus toxoid
Analysis: none; presentation of prevalence
of clinically low, normal, and high values of
outcome measures
Design: longitudinal cohort (repeated
measures for 2-yrs)
Subjects: children (n = 92, 38 females) ages
11–13 yrs residing near a smelter; reference
group (n = 67, 36 females), ages 11–13 yrs
Outcome measures: serum IgA, IgE, IgG,
IgM
Analysis: comparison of outcome measures
and between exposed and reference groups,
stratified sex and season of sampling
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: children (n = 30 female, 35 male)
ages 6–11 yrs, residing near smelter
Outcome measures: mitogen- (PHA) and
cytokine- (IFN-() induced nitric oxide and
superoxide production in lymphocytes
Analysis: multivariate linear regression
Blood Pb (µg/dL) mean
(range):
High: >40 (n = 12): 45.3
(41–51)
Low: #30 (n = 7): 22.6
(14–30)
Blood Pb (µg/dL) mean:
Pb: ~23–42
Reference: ~5–22
Blood Pb (µg/dL) mean
(range) for 3 schools:
1 (n = 21): 7.0 (3.5–25.3)
2 (n = 21): 20.6
(10.8–49.2)
3 (n = 23): 30.4
(10.3–47.5)
No apparent difference in prevalence of abnormal values for serum
immunoglobulin or complement (no statistical analysis applied).
Significant (p NR, statistic NR) lower serum IgE and IgM levels in
exposed group compared to reference group.
Significant (p = 0.036) association between increasing blood Pb
concentration and covariate adjusted decreasing nitric oxide
production in PHA-activated lymphocytes (∃ = −0.00089 [95% CI:
−0.0017, −0.00005]).
Significant (p = 0.034) association between increasing blood Pb
concentration and covariate adjusted increasing super oxide
production in IFN-(-activated lymphocytes (∃ = −0.00389 [95% CI:
0.00031, 0.00748]). Covariates considered included age, sex,
allergies, and blood arsenic (age, sex, and blood arsenic were
retained).
Significant effect of sex on associations, significant blood Pb-arsenic
interaction.
Covariates considered included age, sex, allergies, urinary arsenic
(age, sex, and urinary arsenic were retained).