Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-207
Table AX6-8.1. Effects of Lead on Immune Function in Children
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
United States
Joseph et al. (2005)
SE Michigan
(1994-1998)
Sarasua et al. (2000)
ATSDR Multi-site
Study: Granite City,
IL, Galena, KA; Joplin,
MO; Palmerton, PA
1991
Rabinowtiz et al. (1990)
Boston, MA
1979–1987
Design: prospective (1 yr following 3-yr
baseline recruitment)
Subjects: children (n = 4634), age range
0.4–3.0 yr
Outcome measures: asthma prevalence and
incidence.
Analysis: multivariate proportional hazard
model (Cox)
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: children and adults (n = 2036)
Outcome measures: total lymphocyte count,
lymphocyte phenotype abundance, serum
IgA, IgG, and IgM.
Analysis: multivariate linear regression
Design: cross-sectional
Subjects: infants/children (n = 1768)
Outcome measures: incidence of illness in
children was solicited from parents by
questionnaire.
Analysis: relative risk of illness estimated
from incidence ratios, highest: combined
lower blood Pb deciles, without adjustment
for covariates or confounders.
Blood Pb (µg/dL) mean
(SD, median, % >10):
5.5 (4.0, 4.0, 8.6%)
Blood Pb (µg/dL) mean
(SD, 5th–95th %):
6–35 mo: 7.0
(16, 1.1–16.1)
36–71 mo: 6.0
(4.3, 1.6–14.1)
6–15 yr: 4.0
(2.8,1.1–9.2)
16–75 yr: 4.3
(2.9, 1.0–9.9)
Cord blood Pb (µg/dL)
~90th %: 10
Shed tooth Pb (µg/g) ~90th
%: 5
Covariate-adjusted hazards ratio (HR, asthma incidence