Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX4-23
Reference, Study
Location, and
Period Study Description
Mexico
Hernandez-Avila
et al. (1996)
Mexico City
González-Cossío
et al. (1997)
Mexico City
Unknown
Table AX4-7 (cont’d). Bone Lead Studies in Pregnant and Lactating Subjects
Cross-sectional investigation of
the interrelationships between
environmental, dietary, and
lifestyle histories, blood and bone
Pb levels, among 98 recently
postpartum women. Multivariate
linear regression. Age 25.6
(±6.8) yr.
Examined relationship of Pb levels
in cord blood and maternal bone to
birth weight. Umbilical cord and
maternal venous blood samples
and anthropometric and
sociodemographic data were
obtained at delivery and 1 mo
postpartum. Bone Pb at 1 mo
postpartum. Multiple regression,
LOWESS.
Background information for
calcium supplementation study
Hernandez-Avila et al. (2003).
Mother-infant pairs (n = 272).
Lead Measurement (SD or range)
PbB in µg/dL, Bone Pb in µg/g Bone Mineral Findings, Interpretation
14-20 yr (n = 24): PbB 10.4 (±4.1), tibia 11.8 (±14.9), patella 14.1 (±13.3).
21-29 yr (n = 44): PbB 10.3 (±4.8), tibia 10.7 (± 10.9), patella 17.1 (±13.4)
30-43 yr (n = 27): PbB 7.8 (± 3.7), tibia 16.3 (±8.4), patella 18.1 (±12.7).
A 34 µg/g increase in patella Pb (from the medians of the lowest to the
highest quartiles) was associated with an increase in PbB of 2.4 µg/dL.
Significant predictors of bone Pb included years living in Mexico City,
lower consumption of high calcium content foods, and nonuse of calcium
supplements for the patella and years living in Mexico City, older age, and
lower calcium intake for tibia bone. Low consumption of milk and cheese,
as compared to the highest consumption category (every day), was
associated with an increase in tibia Pb of 9.7 µg/g.
Maternal PbB 8.9 (±4.1), cord PbB 7.1 (±3.5), tibia 9.8 (±8.9), patella 14.2
(±13.2).
After adjustment for other determinants of birth weight, tibia Pb was the
only Pb biomarker clearly related to birth weight. The decline in birth
weight associated with increments in tibia Pb was nonlinear and accelerated
at the highest tibia Pb quartile. In the upper quartile, neonates were on
average, 156 g lighter than those in the lowest quartile.
Suggest that patella bone is a
significant contributor to PbB
during lactation and that
consumption of high calcium
content foods may protect
against the accumulation of Pb
in one.
Bone-lead burden is inversely
related to birth weight.