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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...
Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...
Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...
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ANNEX TABLES AX6-5<br />
AX6-129
ANNEX TABLES AX6-5 AX6-129
AX6-130 Table AX6-5.1. Effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>Lead</strong> on Blood Pressure and Hypertension Reference, Study Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation Meta-analysis Nawrot et al. (2002) 31 U.S. and European studies, community and occupationally exposed, published between 1981 and 2001. 48 different groups, 32 <strong>of</strong> which were only <strong>of</strong> men, 15 <strong>of</strong> which were only <strong>of</strong> women, and one studying both sexes. Total meta-analysis N > 58,490. Age ranged from 15 to 93 yrs, depending on the study. Two methods <strong>of</strong> meta-analysis were used, subject-weighted and nonweighted, using study-reported effect sizes and standard errors, trans<strong>for</strong>med from the original study specification <strong>of</strong> blood Pb (linear, logarithmic, or blood Pb group) to a single effect size <strong>for</strong> doubling <strong>of</strong> blood Pb. Also did analyses stratified by race and sex. Mean blood Pb concentration across studies ranged from 2.3 to 63.8 µg/dL. Total range <strong>of</strong> blood Pb across studies was 0 to 97.9 µg/dL. Each doubling <strong>of</strong> blood Pb was associated with a significant 1.0 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.5, 1.4) increase in systolic blood pressure and a significant 0.6 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.4, 0.8) increase in diastolic blood pressure. Stated that differences in Pb effect were not statistically different between sexes, but did not describe test nor give statistics other than p-values. Presented black and white differences as a trend <strong>for</strong> blacks to be “more susceptible than whites,” but presented no tests. Statistically examined assumptions <strong>of</strong> homogeneity <strong>of</strong> effect and found no significant heterogeneity. Tested <strong>for</strong> publication bias (statistically significant results tend to be published more than non-significant results) and found no evidence. Found no significant effects <strong>of</strong> removing one study at a time in sensitivity analysis. It appears that the presented results <strong>of</strong> effect sizes and confidence intervals were calculated by the subject-weighted method, but this was not made explicit. Included some studies that presented no Pb coefficients or standard errors, assuming effect size <strong>of</strong> zero, though the reported effect sizes without these studies did not appear to be different from overall effect sizes. For studies using a linear Pb measure, effect sizes were calculated by doubling the arithmetic mean blood Pb. If the concentrationresponse curve <strong>for</strong> the Pb-blood pressure relationship was really better characterized by a log-linear function, the authors’ use <strong>of</strong> studies with a linear blood Pb term with high avg blood Pb led to over-estimation <strong>of</strong> the slope <strong>of</strong> the relationship and those studies with low blood Pb avgs produced an underestimation <strong>of</strong> the slope <strong>of</strong> the relationship.
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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
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Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
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Authors, Contributors, and Reviewer
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
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Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
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Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
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BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
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CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
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EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
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GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
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KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
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NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
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Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
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RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
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TGF transforming growth factor TH t
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AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
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AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
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AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
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AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
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AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
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AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-13 Table AX4-5 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-15 Table AX4-5 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-17 Table AX4-5 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-21 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-23 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-25 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-27 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-29 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-31 Table AX4-8 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-33 Table AX4-8 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-35 Table AX4-8 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
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AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
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AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
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AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
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Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
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Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
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Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
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Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
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Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
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Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
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Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
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Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
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Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
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CCE Coordination Center for Effects
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DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
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FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
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H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
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MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
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NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
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PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
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AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
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AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
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AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
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AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
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AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
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AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
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AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-18 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-20 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
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AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
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AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
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AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
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AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
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AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
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AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
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AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
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AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
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AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
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AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
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AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
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AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
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AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
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AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
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AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
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AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
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AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
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AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
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AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
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AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-78 Table AX5-6.2. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-82 Table AX5-6.4 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-84 Table AX5-6.4 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
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AX5-88 Compound Table AX5-6.7. Geno
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AX5-90 Table AX5-6.8. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-92 Compound Table AX5-6.9. Geno
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AX5-94 Table AX5-6.9 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
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AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
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AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
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AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
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AX5-108 Table AX5-6.19 (cont’d).
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AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
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AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
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AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
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AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
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AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
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AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
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AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
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AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
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AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
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AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
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AX5-130 Table AX5-8.3 (cont’d). B
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AX5-132 Table AX5-8.3 (cont’d). B
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AX5-134 Table AX5-8.3 (cont’d). B
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AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
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AX5-138 Table AX5-8.4 (cont’d). B
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AX5-140 Table AX5-8.4 (cont’d). B
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AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
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AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-9 AX5-146
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AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
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AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
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AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
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AX5-154 Table AX5-9.5 (cont’d). E
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-10 AX5-156
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AX5-158 Table AX5-10.1 (cont’d).
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AX5-160 Table AX5-10.1 (cont’d).
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AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
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AX5-164 Table AX5-10.2 (cont’d).
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AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
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AX5-168 Table AX5-10.4 (cont’d).
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AX5-170 Table AX5-10.4 (cont’d).
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AX5-172 Table AX5-10.5 (cont’d).
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AX5-174 Table AX5-10.5 (cont’d).
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AX5-176 Table AX5-10.5 (cont’d).
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AX5-178 Table AX5-10.6 (cont’d).
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AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
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AX5-182 Table AX5-10.8 (cont’d).
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AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-11 AX5-186
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AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
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REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
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Bataineh, H.; Al-Hamood, M. H.; Elb
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Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Huberm
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Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
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Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
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children's health: immune and respi
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Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
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Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal ca
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Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
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Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
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Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
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Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldst
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Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
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Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
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Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
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O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
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Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
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Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
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Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
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Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
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Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
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Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
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Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
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Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
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List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
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CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
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DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
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FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
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HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
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NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
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ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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ANNEX TABLES AX6-2 AX6-2
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AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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AX6-6 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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AX6-8 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
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AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
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AX6-16 Table AX6-2.4 (cont’d). Ef
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AX6-18 Table AX6-2.5 (cont’d). Ef
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AX6-20 Table AX6-2.6 (cont’d). Ef
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AX6-22 Table AX6-2.6 (cont’d). Ef
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AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
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AX6-26 Table AX6-2.9 (cont’d). Ef
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AX6-28 Table AX6-2.10 (cont’d). R
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AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
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AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
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AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
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AX6-38 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-40 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-42 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-44 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-46 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-48 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-50 Table AX6-3.4 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-52 Table AX6-3.5 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-54 Table AX6-3.5 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-56 Table AX6-3.6. Evoked Potent
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AX6-58 Table AX6-3.6 (cont’d). Ev
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AX6-60 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-62 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-64 Table AX6-3.8 (cont’d). Oc
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AX6-66 Table AX6-3.9. Other Neurolo
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AX6-68 Table AX6-3.9 (cont’d). Ot
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AX6-70 Table AX6-4.1. Renal Effects
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AX6-72 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-74 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-76 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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- Page 497 and 498: AX6-80 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
- Page 499 and 500: AX6-82 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
- Page 501 and 502: AX6-84 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
- Page 503 and 504: AX6-86 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
- Page 505 and 506: AX6-88 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
- Page 507 and 508: AX6-90 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
- Page 509 and 510: AX6-92 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
- Page 511 and 512: AX6-94 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
- Page 513 and 514: AX6-96 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
- Page 515 and 516: AX6-98 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
- Page 517 and 518: AX6-100 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). R
- Page 519 and 520: AX6-102 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). R
- Page 521 and 522: AX6-104 Table AX6-4.3. Renal Effect
- Page 523 and 524: AX6-106 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
- Page 525 and 526: AX6-108 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
- Page 527 and 528: AX6-110 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
- Page 529 and 530: AX6-112 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
- Page 531 and 532: AX6-114 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
- Page 533 and 534: AX6-116 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
- Page 535 and 536: AX6-118 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
- Page 537 and 538: AX6-120 Table AX6-4.4. Renal Effect
- Page 539 and 540: AX6-122 Table AX6-4.5. Renal Effect
- Page 541 and 542: AX6-124 Table AX6-4.5 (cont’d). R
- Page 543 and 544: AX6-126 Table AX6-4.5 (cont’d). R
- Page 545: AX6-128 Table AX6-4.5 (cont’d). R
- Page 549 and 550: AX6-132 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 551 and 552: AX6-134 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 553 and 554: AX6-136 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 555 and 556: AX6-138 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 557 and 558: AX6-140 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 559 and 560: AX6-142 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 561 and 562: AX6-144 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 563 and 564: AX6-146 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 565 and 566: AX6-148 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 567 and 568: AX6-150 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 569 and 570: AX6-152 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 571 and 572: AX6-154 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 573 and 574: AX6-156 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 575 and 576: AX6-158 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 577 and 578: AX6-160 Table AX6-5.2 (cont’d). E
- Page 579 and 580: AX6-162 Table AX6-5.3. Effects of L
- Page 581 and 582: AX6-164 Table AX6-5.3 (cont’d). E
- Page 583 and 584: AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
- Page 585 and 586: ANNEX TABLES AX6-6 AX6-168
- Page 587 and 588: AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
- Page 589 and 590: AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
- Page 591 and 592: AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
- Page 593 and 594: AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
- Page 595 and 596: AX6-178 Table AX6-6.3. Lead Exposur
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AX6-180 Table AX6-6.4. Lead Exposur
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ANNEX TABLES AX6-7 AX6-182
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AX6-184 Table AX6-7.1 (cont’d). R
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AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
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AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
- Page 609 and 610:
AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
- Page 611 and 612:
AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
- Page 613 and 614:
AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
- Page 615 and 616:
AX6-198 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
- Page 617 and 618:
AX6-200 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
- Page 619 and 620:
AX6-202 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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AX6-204 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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ANNEX TABLES AX6-8 AX6-206
- Page 625 and 626:
AX6-208 Table AX6-8.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 627 and 628:
AX6-210 Table AX6-8.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 629 and 630:
AX6-212 Table AX6-8.2 (cont’d). E
- Page 631 and 632:
AX6-214 Table AX6-8.2 (cont’d). E
- Page 633 and 634:
AX6-216 Table AX6-8.2 (cont’d). E
- Page 635 and 636:
AX6-218 Table AX6-8.2 (cont’d). E
- Page 637 and 638:
ANNEX TABLES AX6-9 AX6-220
- Page 639 and 640:
AX6-222 Table AX6-9.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 641 and 642:
AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
- Page 643 and 644:
AX6-226 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
- Page 645 and 646:
AX6-228 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
- Page 647 and 648:
AX6-230 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
- Page 649 and 650:
AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
- Page 651 and 652:
AX6-234 Table AX6-9.4. Effects of L
- Page 653 and 654:
AX6-236 Table AX6-9.4 (cont’d). E
- Page 655 and 656:
AX6-238 Table AX6-9.4 (cont’d). E
- Page 657 and 658:
AX6-240 Table AX6-9.4 (cont’d). E
- Page 659 and 660:
AX6-242 Table AX6-9.5 (cont’d). E
- Page 661 and 662:
AX6-244 Table AX6-9.6 (cont’d). E
- Page 663 and 664:
AX6-246 Table AX6-9.6 (cont’d). E
- Page 665 and 666:
AX6-248 Table AX6-9.6 (cont’d). E
- Page 667 and 668:
AX6-250 Table AX6-9.6 (cont’d). E
- Page 669 and 670:
AX6-252 Table AX6-9.7 (cont’d). E
- Page 671 and 672:
AX6-254 Table AX6-9.8 (cont’d). E
- Page 673 and 674:
AX6-256 Table AX6-9.9 (cont’d). E
- Page 675 and 676:
AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
- Page 677 and 678:
REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
- Page 679 and 680:
Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
- Page 681 and 682:
Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stew
- Page 683 and 684:
Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
- Page 685 and 686:
David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
- Page 687 and 688:
Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
- Page 689 and 690:
Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
- Page 691 and 692:
Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
- Page 693 and 694:
Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
- Page 695 and 696:
Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
- Page 697 and 698:
Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
- Page 699 and 700:
Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
- Page 701 and 702:
Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
- Page 703 and 704:
Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
- Page 705 and 706:
Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
- Page 707 and 708:
Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
- Page 709 and 710:
Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
- Page 711 and 712:
Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
- Page 713 and 714:
Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; R
- Page 715 and 716:
October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
- Page 717 and 718:
PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
- Page 719 and 720:
drafts of document materials were r
- Page 721 and 722:
Table of Contents PREFACE..........
- Page 723 and 724:
Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
- Page 725 and 726:
List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
- Page 727 and 728:
List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
- Page 729 and 730:
Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
- Page 731 and 732:
Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
- Page 733 and 734:
Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
- Page 735 and 736:
Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
- Page 737 and 738:
Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
- Page 739 and 740:
ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
- Page 741 and 742:
CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
- Page 743 and 744:
DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
- Page 745 and 746:
FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
- Page 747 and 748:
HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
- Page 749 and 750:
MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
- Page 751 and 752:
NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
- Page 753 and 754:
ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
- Page 755 and 756:
SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
- Page 757 and 758:
vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
- Page 759 and 760:
Pb is ideally suited for this task.
- Page 761 and 762:
Concept For a given metal or metall
- Page 763 and 764:
(1979) observed that “the smaller
- Page 765 and 766:
Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
- Page 767 and 768:
• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
- Page 769 and 770:
Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
- Page 771 and 772:
diffraction lines and comparing the
- Page 773 and 774:
The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
- Page 775 and 776:
techniques can be useful in a study
- Page 777 and 778:
have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
- Page 779 and 780:
to 15 years after biosolid applicat
- Page 781 and 782:
thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
- Page 783 and 784:
completely extract targeted phases.
- Page 785 and 786:
epresents Eb. The precise energy re
- Page 787 and 788:
1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
- Page 789 and 790:
T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
- Page 791 and 792:
floor) time-series data to evaluate
- Page 793 and 794:
contributions of dry deposition may
- Page 795 and 796:
Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
- Page 797 and 798:
thought to enter the plant via the
- Page 799 and 800:
soil was not allowed to equilibrate
- Page 801 and 802:
Lead concentrations in various tiss
- Page 803 and 804:
that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
- Page 805 and 806:
plasma levels of uric acid and crea
- Page 807 and 808:
effective use of glutathione metabo
- Page 809 and 810:
and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
- Page 811 and 812:
other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
- Page 813 and 814:
Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
- Page 815 and 816:
organism responses to Pb. Section A
- Page 817 and 818:
Primary Producers Commonly reported
- Page 819 and 820:
solution and minimal translocation
- Page 821 and 822:
AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
- Page 823 and 824:
AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
- Page 825 and 826:
AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
- Page 827 and 828:
Very little research has been done
- Page 829 and 830:
AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
- Page 831 and 832:
AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
- Page 833 and 834:
AX7-76 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
- Page 835 and 836:
AX7-78 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
- Page 837 and 838:
AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
- Page 839 and 840:
A literature search and review was
- Page 841 and 842:
Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
- Page 843 and 844:
The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
- Page 845 and 846:
Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
- Page 847 and 848:
Since the movement and fate of Pb i
- Page 849 and 850:
Land Use and Industry Changes in la
- Page 851 and 852:
lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
- Page 853 and 854:
zinc; had very low pH; and were det
- Page 855 and 856:
Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
- Page 857 and 858:
iomass carbon. Because of this link
- Page 859 and 860:
in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
- Page 861 and 862:
the forested Lehstenbach catchment
- Page 863 and 864:
there is little evidence that Pb ac
- Page 865 and 866:
ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
- Page 867 and 868:
To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
- Page 869 and 870:
for the binding of free-metal ion a
- Page 871 and 872:
partition in sediment between acid-
- Page 873 and 874:
AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
- Page 875 and 876:
varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
- Page 877 and 878:
Organic compounds in surface waters
- Page 879 and 880:
solution phase, complexation with c
- Page 881 and 882:
The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
- Page 883 and 884:
Lead Distributions Generated from t
- Page 885 and 886:
AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
- Page 887 and 888:
AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
- Page 889 and 890:
AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
- Page 891 and 892:
Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
- Page 893 and 894:
Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
- Page 895 and 896:
Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
- Page 897 and 898:
AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
- Page 899 and 900:
calculations indicate that only a s
- Page 901 and 902:
from municipal sewage, storm runoff
- Page 903 and 904:
AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mo
- Page 905 and 906:
aquatic plants and insects and on t
- Page 907 and 908:
designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
- Page 909 and 910:
sequestering to organ tissues). The
- Page 911 and 912:
AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
- Page 913 and 914:
Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
- Page 915 and 916:
1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
- Page 917 and 918:
Studies have identified ALAD in fis
- Page 919 and 920:
metals over nonessential metals. Th
- Page 921 and 922:
In summary, relationships between a
- Page 923 and 924:
potential toxic effects in other or
- Page 925 and 926:
esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
- Page 927 and 928:
carbon sources (including glucose),
- Page 929 and 930:
separate concentration-effects mode
- Page 931 and 932:
1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
- Page 933 and 934:
Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
- Page 935 and 936:
observed in Selenastrum capricornut
- Page 937 and 938:
Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
- Page 939 and 940:
1997). The most sensitive primary p
- Page 941 and 942:
Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
- Page 943 and 944:
AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
- Page 945 and 946:
concentrations of
- Page 947 and 948:
AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
- Page 949 and 950:
AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
- Page 951 and 952:
studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
- Page 953 and 954:
However, in other cases multivariat
- Page 955 and 956:
species was observed. Similar, sign
- Page 957 and 958:
AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
- Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
- Page 961 and 962:
variables, it does not imply causat
- Page 963 and 964:
Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
- Page 965 and 966:
metal levels. Furthermore, although
- Page 967 and 968:
environment through bioaccumulation
- Page 969 and 970:
Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
- Page 971 and 972:
Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
- Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
- Page 975 and 976:
Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
- Page 977 and 978:
Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
- Page 979 and 980:
Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
- Page 981 and 982:
Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
- Page 983 and 984:
Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
- Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
- Page 987 and 988:
Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
- Page 989 and 990:
Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
- Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
- Page 993 and 994:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
- Page 995 and 996:
Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto
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