Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-127
Table AX6-4.5 (cont’d). Renal Effects of Lead in Children
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
Europe (cont’d)
Staessen et al. (2001)
Belgium
1999
Verberk et al. (1996)
Romania
1991-1992
100 exposed and 100 control children.
Mean age = 17 yrs.
Two exposed groups were recruited from industrialized
suburbs while the control group was recruited from a rural
area.
∃ 2-microglobulin
5.22 µg/mmol creatinine (controls)
5.3 µg/mmol creatinine (exposed group 1)
9.09 µg/mmol creatinine (exposed group 2)
Cystatin-C
0.65 mg/L (controls)
0.63 mg/L (exposed group 1)
0.71 mg/L (exposed group 2)
Multiple linear regression adjusting for sex and smoking
status.
151 children who resided at different distances from a Pb
smelter.
Mean age = 4.6 yrs.
Renal outcomes = urinary RBP, NAG, α1-microglobulin,
albumin and alanine aminopeptidase.
Geometric means
Urinary RBP
49.4 µg/g creatinine
Urinary NAG
6.9 U/g creatinine
Urinary α 1-microglobulin
2.4 mg/g creatinine
Urinary alanine aminopeptidase
19.8 U/g creatinine
Multiple regression analysis adjusting for age and gender.
Mean blood Pb
1.5 µg/dL (controls)
1.8 µg/dL (exposed group 1)
2.7 µg/dL (exposed group 2)
Mean (SD) blood Pb
34.2 (22.4) µg/dL
Blood Pb, ∃ 2-microglobulin, and Cystatin-C levels
higher in exposed group 2 as compared to controls and
exposed group 1.
After adjustment for sex and smoking status, blood Pb
was associated with both ∃ 2-microglobulin and
cystatin-C. A two-fold increase in blood Pb was
associated with a 3.6% (95% CI: 1.5, 5.7) increase in
Cystatin-C and a 16% (95% CI: 2.7, 31) increase in
∃ 2-microglobulin. Blood cadmium was not associated
with either outcome.
After adjustment for age and gender, a 10 µg/dL
increase in blood Pb was associated with a 13.5%
increase in NAG excretion (90% CI: 10.2, 17).
No threshold was observed. No other significant
associations noted.