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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

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AX4-15<br />

Table AX4-5 (cont’d). Bone <strong>Lead</strong> Measurements in Occupationally-Exposed Subjects<br />

Reference, Study<br />

Location, and Period Study Description<br />

Europe (cont’d)<br />

Hanninen et al. (1998)<br />

Finland<br />

Unknown<br />

Erkkilä et al. (1992)<br />

Finland<br />

Unknown<br />

Nilsson et al. (1991)<br />

Sweden<br />

1980s<br />

Storage battery workers<br />

Grouped into those whose PbB exceeded<br />

50 µg/dL [High PbB (n = 28; 21 males)],<br />

and never [Low PbB (n = 26; 22 males)].<br />

Evaluation <strong>of</strong> neuropsychological<br />

dysfunction.<br />

K-shell measures with 109 Cd source on acid<br />

battery employees and controls<br />

Active (n = 91); Former plant (n = 16);<br />

Office (n = 38); Laboratory (n = 26). Kshell<br />

XRF.<br />

Group A: 7 retired smelter workers and<br />

1 battery worker monitored <strong>for</strong> ~10 yr with<br />

11-17 finger bone measurements with<br />

57 Co.<br />

Group B: 6 retired battery workers<br />

monitored <strong>for</strong> up to 18.5 yr with 7-13<br />

finger bone measurements.<br />

<strong>Lead</strong> Measurement (SD or range)<br />

PbB in µg/dL, Bone Pb in µg/g Bone Mineral Findings, Interpretation<br />

High PbB: average PbB 39.3 (±8.3), tibia 35.3<br />

(±16.6), calcaneus 100.4 (±43.1)<br />

Low PbB: average PbB 29.0 (±6.2), tibia 19.8<br />

(±13.7), calcaneus 78.6(±62.4)<br />

Active: PbB 30.0 (9.5), tibia 21.1 (17), calcaneus 76.6<br />

(55.3)<br />

Former plant: PbB 12.2 (6.2), tibia 32.4 (34.9),<br />

calcaneus 73.5 (57.7)<br />

Office: PbB 6.4 (3.3), tibia 7.7 (11.3), calcaneus 14.2<br />

(15.6)<br />

Laboratory: PbB 3.7 (1.7), tibia 3.5 (10.8), calcaneus<br />

1.2 (10.6)<br />

Bone Pb values decreased over time.<br />

A mono-exponential retention model was used.<br />

Group A: estimated half-life <strong>for</strong> bone Pb was<br />

6.2-27 yr.<br />

Group B: half-life was 11-470 yr.<br />

No relation was found between the<br />

neuropsychological test battery and tibial<br />

Pb.<br />

Tibia Pb concentration increased<br />

consistently both as a function <strong>of</strong> intensity<br />

<strong>of</strong> exposure and duration <strong>of</strong> exposure.<br />

Calcaneal Pb concentration strongly<br />

dependent on the intensity rather than<br />

duration <strong>of</strong> exposure. Biological half-life<br />

<strong>of</strong> Pb in calcaneus

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