Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX4-14
Table AX4-5 (cont’d). Bone Lead Measurements in Occupationally-Exposed Subjects
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description
Canada (cont’d)
Brito et al. (2002)
Canada
1994, 1999
Europe
Somervaille et al. (1988)
England
Christoffersson et al.
(1984)
Sweden
Unknown
Christoffersson et al.
(1986)
Sweden
1978-84
Evaluated endogenous release of Pb from
bone to blood in 204 exposed subjects
resuming their duties after a 10-mo strike
in a primary lead smelter in 1991. Bone
Pb ( 109 Cd source) measured in the tibia and
calcaneus in 1994 (Fleming et al., 1997)
and 1999. A linear model used to predict
the current PbB upon the level of lead in
bone. 327 subjects available on both
occasions. Group H higher PbB and
Group L lower PbB.
K-shell measures with 109 Cd source on
diverse Pb workers and controls
Crystal glass (n = 87); Battery plant
(n = 88); Precious metals (n = 15);
Laboratory (n = 20).
Cumulative PbB index.
Lead smelter employees
Active (n = 75); Former plant (n = 32)
Finger bone measurement with 57 Co
source.
Retired lead workers.
Group 1: 7 smelter, 1 storage battery
monitored for 2-5 yr directly after end of
exposure.
Group 2: 6 battery, bone Pb measured 7-
13 yr after end of exposure. Finger bone
measurement with 57 Co source from 4 to
9 times.
Lead Measurement (SD or range)
PbB in µg/dL, Bone Pb in µg/g Bone Mineral Findings, Interpretation
Group H: PbB 22.0, tibia 19.2 (n = 120)
Group L: PbB 20.6, tibia 82.8 (n = 45)
Group H: PbB 24.2, calcaneus 41.4 (n = 90)
Group L: PbB 20.2,calcaneus 138.2 (n = 45)
Structural analysis of data gave slopes for tibia
(2.0, 95% CI: 1.66-2.54) and calcaneus (0.19, 95%
CI: 0.16-0.23) that were significantly higher than
those predicted by the commonly used simple linear
regression method, for tibia (0.73, 95%, CI:
0.58-0.88) and calcaneus (0.08, 95% CI: 0.06-0.09).
Crystal glass: PbB 48.1, tibia 31.0
Battery plant: PbB 32.3, tibia 32.3
Precious metals: PbB 51.4, tibia 54.8
Laboratory: PbB 13.1, tibia 16.7
Active: median PbB 53.8 (15.5), mean tibia 43
(