Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

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AX6-101 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Renal Effects of Lead in the Occupational Population Reference, Study Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation Asia (cont’d) Weaver et al. (2005c) Korea 1997-1999 Ye et al. (2003) Chinese Pb workers Study date not provided 798 current and former Pb workers. Same population as in Weaver et al. (2003a,b). 216 Pb workers. Renal outcomes = urinary NAG and albumin. Geometric mean blood Pb 37.8 μg/dL (n = 14 workers with the ALAD12 genotype) 32.4 μg/dL (n = 212 workers with the ALAD11 genotype) 31.9 µg/dL (VDR bb) 41.7 µg/dL (in 20 participants with VDR Bb or BB) Data were analyzed to determine whether polymorphisms in the genes encoding δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) were associated with uric acid or modified relations of Pb exposure and dose measures with uric acid. Uric acid not different by ALAD or VDR genotype. Among older workers (age ≥ median of 40.6 yrs), ALAD genotype modified associations between Pb dose and uric acid levels. Higher Pb dose was significantly associated with higher uric acid in workers with the ALAD11 genotype; associations were in the opposite direction in participants with the variant ALAD12 genotype. After adjustment for age, NAG was borderline higher in those with the ALAD variant allele whose blood Pb levels were ≥40 μg/dL (p = 0.06). In all Pb workers, after adjustment for age, gender, smoking, and alcohol ingestion, a statistically significant positive association between blood Pb and creatinine adjusted NAG was observed in the workers with the ALAD12 genotype but not in Pb workers with the ALAD11 genotype (the groups were analyzed separately rather than in an interaction model). No effect modification by VDR genotype on associations between blood Pb and urinary albumin and NAG observed (separate analysis reduced power).
AX6-102 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Renal Effects of Lead in the Occupational Population Reference, Study Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation Middle East Al-Neamy et al. (2001) United Arab Emirates Feb-June, 1999 Ehrlich et al. (1998) South Africa Study date not provided 100 “industrial” workers exposed in a range of industries 100 working controls. Matched for age, sex, and nationality. Renal outcomes = BUN, serum creatinine. 382 Pb battery factory workers. Mean age = 41.2 yrs. All males. Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, weight, and height (Covariates assessed for inclusion also included smoking, alcohol ingestion, and diabetes). Clinical renal outcomes included serum creatinine, uric acid, and BUN. Mean serum creatinine 1.13 mg/dL Renal early biological effect markers (NAG, RBP, intestinal alkaline phosphatase, tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, epidermal growth factor, and microalbuminuria) were measured in 199 participants randomly selected by tertiles of current blood Pb. Mean blood Pb 77.5 µg/dL (workers) 19.8 µg/dL (controls) Mean blood Pb 53.5 µg/dL Mean exposure duration 11.6 yrs Mean cumulative blood Pb (defined as sum of the avg blood Pb in each yr over all yrs of employment; done in subset of 246 with past blood Pb data) 579.0 (µg Η yr)/dL Mean historical blood Pb (defined as cumulative blood Pb divided by yrs of exposure) 57.3 µg/dL Mean tibia Pb 69.7 μg/g bone mineral (measured 2 yrs after initial study on random sample of 40) Mean BUN and serum creatinine not statistically different between exposed workers and controls. Limitations = data analysis. After adjustment for age, weight, and height, categorical current and historical blood Pb and zinc protoporphyrin were associated with serum creatinine and uric acid, in separate models. Associations between cumulative blood Pb or exposure duration and the renal outcomes were not observed. Among the EBE markers, only current blood Pb was borderline associated with NAG (p = 0.09). Associations with renal dysfunction were observed at blood Pb levels
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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
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Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
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Authors, Contributors, and Reviewer
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
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Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
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Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
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BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
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CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
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EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
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GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
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KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
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NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
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Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
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RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
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TGF transforming growth factor TH t
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AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
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AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
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AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
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AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
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AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
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AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
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AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
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AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
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AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
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Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
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Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
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Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
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Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
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Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
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Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
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Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
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Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
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Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
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CCE Coordination Center for Effects
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DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
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FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
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H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
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MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
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NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
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PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
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AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
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AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
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AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
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AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
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AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
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AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
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AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
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AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
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AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
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AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
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AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
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AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
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AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
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AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
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AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
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AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
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AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
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AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
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AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
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AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
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AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
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AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
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AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
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AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
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AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
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AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
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AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
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AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
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AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
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AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
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AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
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AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
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AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
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AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
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AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
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AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
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AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
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AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
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AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
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AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
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AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
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AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
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AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
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AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
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AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
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AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
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AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
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AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
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AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
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AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
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AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
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AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
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REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
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Bataineh, H.; Al-Hamood, M. H.; Elb
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Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Huberm
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Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
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Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
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children's health: immune and respi
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Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
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Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal ca
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Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
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Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
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Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
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Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldst
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Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
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Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
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Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
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O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
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Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
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Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
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Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
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Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
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Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
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Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
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Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
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Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
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List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
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ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
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CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
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DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
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FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
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HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
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NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
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ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
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AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
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AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
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AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
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AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
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AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
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AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
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AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
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AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
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AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
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AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
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AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
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AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
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AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
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AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
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AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
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AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
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AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
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REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
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Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
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Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stew
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Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
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David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
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Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
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Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
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Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
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Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
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Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
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Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
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Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
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Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
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Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
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Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
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Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
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Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
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Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
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Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; R
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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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drafts of document materials were r
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Table of Contents PREFACE..........
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Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
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List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
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ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
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CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
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DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
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FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
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HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
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NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
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ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
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Pb is ideally suited for this task.
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Concept For a given metal or metall
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(1979) observed that “the smaller
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Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
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• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
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Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
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diffraction lines and comparing the
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The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
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techniques can be useful in a study
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have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
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to 15 years after biosolid applicat
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thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
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completely extract targeted phases.
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epresents Eb. The precise energy re
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1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
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T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
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floor) time-series data to evaluate
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contributions of dry deposition may
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Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
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thought to enter the plant via the
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soil was not allowed to equilibrate
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Lead concentrations in various tiss
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that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
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plasma levels of uric acid and crea
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effective use of glutathione metabo
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and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
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other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
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Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
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organism responses to Pb. Section A
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Primary Producers Commonly reported
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solution and minimal translocation
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AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
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AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
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AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
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Very little research has been done
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AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
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AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
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AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
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A literature search and review was
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Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
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The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
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Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
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Since the movement and fate of Pb i
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Land Use and Industry Changes in la
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lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
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zinc; had very low pH; and were det
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Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
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iomass carbon. Because of this link
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in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
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the forested Lehstenbach catchment
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there is little evidence that Pb ac
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ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
Page 867 and 868:
To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
Page 869 and 870:
for the binding of free-metal ion a
Page 871 and 872:
partition in sediment between acid-
Page 873 and 874:
AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
Page 875 and 876:
varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
Page 877 and 878:
Organic compounds in surface waters
Page 879 and 880:
solution phase, complexation with c
Page 881 and 882:
The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
Page 883 and 884:
Lead Distributions Generated from t
Page 885 and 886:
AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
Page 887 and 888:
AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
Page 889 and 890:
AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
Page 891 and 892:
Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
Page 893 and 894:
Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
Page 895 and 896:
Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
Page 897 and 898:
AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
Page 899 and 900:
calculations indicate that only a s
Page 901 and 902:
from municipal sewage, storm runoff
Page 903 and 904:
AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mo
Page 905 and 906:
aquatic plants and insects and on t
Page 907 and 908:
designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
Page 909 and 910:
sequestering to organ tissues). The
Page 911 and 912:
AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
Page 913 and 914:
Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
Page 915 and 916:
1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
Page 917 and 918:
Studies have identified ALAD in fis
Page 919 and 920:
metals over nonessential metals. Th
Page 921 and 922:
In summary, relationships between a
Page 923 and 924:
potential toxic effects in other or
Page 925 and 926:
esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
Page 927 and 928:
carbon sources (including glucose),
Page 929 and 930:
separate concentration-effects mode
Page 931 and 932:
1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
Page 933 and 934:
Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
Page 935 and 936:
observed in Selenastrum capricornut
Page 937 and 938:
Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
Page 939 and 940:
1997). The most sensitive primary p
Page 941 and 942:
Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
Page 943 and 944:
AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
Page 945 and 946:
concentrations of
Page 947 and 948:
AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
Page 949 and 950:
AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
Page 951 and 952:
studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
Page 953 and 954:
However, in other cases multivariat
Page 955 and 956:
species was observed. Similar, sign
Page 957 and 958:
AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
Page 961 and 962:
variables, it does not imply causat
Page 963 and 964:
Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
Page 965 and 966:
metal levels. Furthermore, although
Page 967 and 968:
environment through bioaccumulation
Page 969 and 970:
Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
Page 971 and 972:
Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
Page 975 and 976:
Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
Page 977 and 978:
Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
Page 979 and 980:
Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
Page 981 and 982:
Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
Page 983 and 984:
Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
Page 987 and 988:
Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
Page 989 and 990:
Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
Page 993 and 994:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 995 and 996:
Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto
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