Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-86
Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Renal Effects of Lead in the Occupational Population
Reference, Study
Location, and
Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
Europe (cont’d)
Pergande et al. (1994)
Study location and
date not provided;
research team is
German
Restek-Samaržija
et al. (1996)
Croatia
Study date not
provided
Restek-Samaržija
et al. (1997)
Croatia
Study date not
provided
82 male Pb workers.
44 age-matched healthy male volunteers without known
exposure to Pb and living “in areas distant from the
exposed people.”
Renal outcomes = serum creatinine and ∃ 2 microglobulin,
urinary albumin and 14 other early biological effect
markers.
Exclusion criteria included prescription medication use
and many diseases; 11 workers and 3 controls excluded.
74 patients treated between 1951 and 1989 for at least one
episode of Pb poisoning (53 occupational, 23
environmental).
Renal outcomes = measured creatinine clearance
(collection time not specified), GFR assessed with
99m
Tc-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA)
clearance.
38 patients with occupational Pb poisoning, 23
occupationally exposed workers.
Renal outcomes = serum creatinine, measured creatinine
clearance (collection time not specified), hippuran renal
flow.
Mean blood Pb
42.1 µg/dL (workers)
7.0 µg/dL (controls)
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin
also measured.
Mean blood Pb
1.5 µmol/L (poisoned
workers)
1.6 µmol/L (workers)
Serum creatinine and ∃2 microglobulin not increased in
exposed compared to control participants; correlations
with these outcomes not reported. Blood Pb and/or
erythrocyte protoporphyrin correlated with 9 of the
urinary renal outcomes.
Study limitations include lack of adjustment in
statistical analysis, potential for healthy worker bias,
potential for differences between exposed and control
groups.
Number of past Pb poisonings negatively correlated
with creatinine and DTPA clearances.
Creatinine clearance significantly lower in poisoned
group.