Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-78
Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Renal Effects of Lead in the General Population
Reference, Study
Location, and
Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
Europe (cont’d)
Staessen et al. (1992)
Belgium
1985-1989
Blood Pb levels were measured in 1981 adult subjects
(965 males, 1016 females) enrolled in the Cadmibel
study of general Belgian population in four cadmium
polluted and unpolluted areas.
Inclusion criteria included age ∃20 yrs and residence
in one of four study areas for ∃8 yrs. Participants
were randomly selected from the study areas;
participation rates were 78% in the two rural areas but
only 39% in the urban areas (one area from each
category was known to be cadmium polluted).
Measured creatinine clearance
99 mL/min (males)
80 mL/min (females)
Calculated creatinine clearance
80 mL/min (males)
69 mL/min (females)
Multiple linear regression.
Covariates assessed included age, age squared, gender
(by stratifying), body mass index, blood pressure,
ferritin level, smoking status, alcohol ingestion, rural
vs. urban residence, analgesic and diuretic use, blood
and urinary cadmium, diabetes, occupational exposure
to heavy metals, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase.
Blood Pb
11.4 µg/dL (males)
7.5 µg/dL (females)
Zinc protoporphyrin also
assessed.
After adjustment, log transformed blood Pb negatively
associated with measured creatinine clearance.
∃ coefficient (95% CI)
!9.5 (!0.9, !18.1) males
!12.6 (!5.0, !20.3) females
A 10 fold increase in blood Pb associated with a decrease
in creatinine clearance of 10 and 13 mL/min in men and
women, respectively.
Log transformed blood Pb also negatively associated with
calculated creatinine clearance.
∃ coefficient (95% CI)
!13.1 (!5.3, !20.9) males
!30.1 (!23.4, !36.8) females
Log transformed zinc protoporphyrin negatively
associated with measured and calculated creatinine
clearances and positively associated with serum ∃2-
microglobulin in both sexes and with serum creatinine in
men.
Blood Pb positively associated with serum ∃ 2microglobulin
in men.