Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-76
Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Renal Effects of Lead in the General Population
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
Europe (cont’d)
De Burbure et al.
(2003)
France
Study date not provided
600 adults (399 exposed, 201 age and gender matched controls).
400 children (200 exposed, 200 age and gender matched controls).
Age ranged from 8.5 to 12.3 yrs.
Exposure from residence near smelters.
Exclusion criteria for children included obesity, diabetes, and puberty;
for adults included pregnancy, cancer, diabetes, and kidney disease.
Serum creatinine
1.43 mg/dL (adult male controls)
1.38 mg/dL (exposed adult males)
1.33 mg/dL (adult female controls)
1.26 mg/dL (exposed adult females)
Urinary ∃2-microglobulin
68.16 µg/g creatinine (adult male controls)
76.29 µg/g creatinine (exposed adult males)
63.79 µg/g creatinine (adult female controls)
71.98 µg/g creatinine (exposed adult females)
87.8 µg/g creatinine (boy controls)
97.3 µg/g creatinine (exposed boys)
88.2 µg/g creatinine (girl controls)
94.8 µg/g creatinine (exposed girls)
Urinary NAG
1.12 IU/g creatinine (adult male controls)
1.24 IU/g creatinine (exposed adult males)
0.98 IU/g creatinine (adult female controls)
1.28 IU/g creatinine (exposed adult females)
2.29 IU/g creatinine (boy controls)
1.70 IU/g creatinine (exposed boys)
2.21 IU/g creatinine (girl controls)
1.07 IU/g creatinine (exposed girls)
Urinary RBP
82.8 µg/g creatinine (adult male controls)
85.8 µg/g creatinine (exposed adult males)
83.42 µg/g creatinine (adult female controls)
95.81 µg/g creatinine (exposed adult females)
94 µg/g creatinine (boy controls) 99 µg/g creatinine (exposed boys)
110 µg/g creatinine (girl controls) 109 µg/g creatinine (exposed girls)
Renal outcome measures also included urinary total protein, albumin,
transferrin, and brush border antigens.
Multiple linear regression adjusting for age, sex, body mass index,
area of residence, smoking, alcohol ingestion, mercury, cadmium and
urinary creatinine level.
Geometric mean blood
Pb
7.13 µg/dL (adult male
controls)
6.78 µg/dL (exposed
adult males)
4.17 µg/dL
(adult female controls)
5.25 µg/dL
(exposed adult females)
3.42 µg/dL (boy
controls)
4.22 µg/dL (exposed
boys)
2.74 µg/dL (girl
controls)
3.69 µg/dL (exposed
girls)
Adults
Mean blood Pb level higher in exposed women but not
men. None of the renal outcomes analyzed showed
any significant difference between exposed and
unexposed groups. After adjustment for covariates,
blood Pb was not associated with any renal outcomes.
Children
Mean blood Pb levels higher in exposed. The highest
geometric mean blood cadmium was 0.52 µg/L. None
of the renal outcomes were significantly higher in
exposed. After adjustment for covariates, blood Pb
was not associated with any renal outcomes, however,
blood cadmium was positively associated with NAG.
This association was present in both control and
exposed areas.
Participants with extremes of urinary creatinine
excluded from data analyses. As a result, number of
subjects in data tables substantially less than in study.