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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

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AX6-72<br />

Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Renal Effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>Lead</strong> in the General Population<br />

Reference, Study<br />

Location, and<br />

Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation<br />

United States (cont’d)<br />

Payton et al. (1994)<br />

Boston, MA<br />

1988-1991<br />

Shadick et al. (2000)<br />

Boston, MA<br />

1991-1996<br />

Blood Pb levels measured in 744 men enrolled in the<br />

Normative Aging Study.<br />

Serum creatinine<br />

1.3 mg/dL<br />

Measured creatinine clearance<br />

88.2 mL/min<br />

Calculated creatinine clearance<br />

71 mL/min<br />

Multiple linear regression adjusting <strong>for</strong> age, body<br />

mass index, analgesic and diuretic use, alcohol<br />

consumption, smoking status, systolic/ diastolic blood<br />

pressure.<br />

777 participants in all male Normative Aging Study.<br />

Mean blood Pb<br />

8.1 µg/dL<br />

Blood Pb levels below the<br />

limit <strong>of</strong> detection <strong>of</strong> 5 µg/dL<br />

were recoded as 4 µg/dL (n<br />

not stated).<br />

Mean blood Pb<br />

5.9 µg/dL<br />

Mean tibia Pb<br />

20.8 µg/g bone mineral<br />

Mean patella Pb<br />

30.2 µg/g bone mineral<br />

In blood Pb negatively associated with ln measured<br />

creatinine clearance (∃ = !0.04 [95% CI: !0.079, !0.001]).<br />

10 µg/dL higher blood Pb associated with a 10.4 mL/min<br />

lower creatinine clearance.<br />

Borderline significant associations (p < 0.1) between<br />

blood Pb and both serum creatinine (∃ = 0.027; neither SE<br />

nor CI provided) and estimated creatinine clearance<br />

(∃ = !0.022; neither SE nor CI provided).<br />

A significant association between patella Pb and uric acid<br />

(∃ = 0.0007 [95% CI: 0.001, 0.013]; p = 0.02) was found,<br />

after adjustment <strong>for</strong> age, BMI, diastolic blood pressure,<br />

alcohol ingestion, and serum creatinine. Borderline<br />

significant associations between tibia (p = 0.06) and blood<br />

Pb (p = 0.1) and uric acid were also observed. Notably<br />

these associations were significant even after adjustment<br />

<strong>for</strong> blood pressure and renal function, providing further<br />

evidence that low level Pb increases uric acid. Fifty-two<br />

participants had gout; Pb dose was not associated with risk<br />

<strong>for</strong> gout.

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