Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX6-71
Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Renal Effects of Lead in the General Population
Reference, Study
Location, and
Period Study Description Pb Measurement Findings, Interpretation
United States (cont’d)
Muntner et al. (2003)
U.S.
1988-1994
Blood Pb levels measured in 15,211 adult subjects enrolled in
the NHANES III study.
Study cohort representative of U.S. population; non-Hispanic
African Americans, Mexican Americans, the elderly and
children over-sampled to allow stable estimates in these groups.
Hypertension defined as blood pressure ∃140 and/or 90 mm Hg
and/or current antihypertensive medication use. Based on
evidence of interaction between blood Pb and hypertension, the
population was stratified by hypertension for further analysis.
4,813 hypertensives; 10,398 normotensives.
Elevated serum creatinine (%)
Defined as ∃99th percentile of each race-gender specific
distribution for healthy young adults [age 20-39 without
hypertension or diabetes].
11.5 % (hypertensives)
1.8 % (normotensives)
Chronic kidney disease (%)
Chronic kidney disease defined as GFR