Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX4-10
Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone Lead Measurements in Environmentally-Exposed Subjects
Reference, Study
Location, and Period Study Description
United States (cont’d)
Rosen et al.
(1989)
Bronx, NY
Unknown
Kosnett et al. (1994)
Dickson City, PA
1991
Rosen et al. (1993)
Moosic and Throop, PA
1989-91
Stokes et al. (1998)
Bunker Hill, ID; Spokane,
WA
1994
Comparison of L-shell XRF measures
and EDTA provocation test in lead-toxic
children 1-6 yr old. Eligible if PbB 25-
55 µg/dL and erythrocyte protoporphyrin
>35 µg/dL.
Aim to determine the influence of
demographic, exposure and medical
factors on the bone Pb concentration of
subjects with environmental Pb exposure.
101 subjects (49 males, 52 females; aged
11 to 78 yrs) recruited from 49 of 123
households geographically located in a
suburban residential neighborhood.
Tibia. Multiple regression.
Suburban population (Throop, n = 269)
exposed to unusually high emissions
during 1963-81 from nearby battery
recycling/secondary smelter. Moosic
served as control community.
Approximately 9% children aged 5-12 yr,
15% 13-17 yr, 40% ≥ 18 yr. Soil and
PbB, L-shell XRF.
Examined whether environmental
exposure to Pb during childhood was
associated with current adverse
neurobehavioral effects. K-shell XRF.
Formerly exposed as children 19-30 yr
(n = 238, age 19-30 yr).
Referents (n = 258)
Lead Measurement (SD or range)
PbB in µg/dL, Bone Pb in µg/g Bone Mineral Findings, Interpretation
Negative EDTA test results (n = 30): PbB 30 ± 5
µg/dL, tibia Pb 12 ± 2 µg/g (range 7-52).
Positive EDTA test results (n = 29): PbB 39 ± 8
µg/dL, tibia Pb 37 ± 3 µg/g (range 7-200).
Mean (SD) bone Pb12.7 (14.6).
Log-transformed bone Pb highly correlated with
age (r = 0.71; p # 0.0001). Gender differences in
log-transformed bone Pb values were
insignificant up until the 6 th decade.
No significant differences in tibia Pb found
among three age groups in Moosic or Throop.
Mooaic: means 5-12 yr, 6 µg/g; 13-17 yr, 8 µg/g;
$18 yr, 7 µg/g
Throop: means 5-12 yr, 12 ± 1 µg/g; 13-17 yr,
15 ± 2 µg/g; $18 yr, 12 ± 1 µg/g.
Exposed group:
PbB 2.9 µg/dL; tibia Pb 4.6 µg/g.
Referent group:
PbB 1.6 µg/dL; tibia Pb 0.6 µg/g.
From PbB and LXRF alone, 90% of Pb-toxic
children were correctly classified as being
EDTA-positive or -negative. LXRF may be
capable of replacing EDTA testing.
Bone Pb showed no significant change up to
age 20 yr, increased with the same slope in
men and women between ages 20 and 55 yrs,
and then increased at a faster rate in men older
than 55 yrs.
No change in bone Pb with age. Baseline
values for bone Pb in the environmentally
exposed population of Moosic can serve as a
reference baseline for contemporary bone Pb
levels in similar communities in the USA.