Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

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RPMI 1640 Roswell Park Memorial Institute basic cell culture medium RR relative risk; rate ratio RT reaction time RSEM resorbed embryos RSUC reproductive success (general) RT reproductive tissue ∑SEM sum of the molar concentrations of simultaneously extracted metal SA7 simian adenovirus SAB Science Advisory Board SAM S-adenosyl-L-methionine SBIS-4 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale-4th edition s.c., SC subcutaneous SCAN Test for Auditory Processing Disorders SCE selective chemical extraction; sister chromatid exchange SCP stripping chronopotentiometry SD Spraque-Dawley (rat); standard deviation SDH succinic acid dehydrogenase SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate; Symbol Digit Substitution SE standard error; standard estimation SEM standard error of the mean SES socioeconomic status sGC soluble guanylate cyclase SH sulfhydryl SHBG sex hormone binding globulin SHE Syrian hamster embryo cell line SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry SIR standardized incidence ratio SLP synthetic leaching procedure SM sexually mature SMAV species mean acute value SMR standardized mortality ratio SNAP Schneider Neonatal Assessment for Primates SNP sodium nitroprusside SO2 sulfur dioxide SOD superoxide dismutase II-xxxvii
SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate SPCL sperm cell counts SPCV sperm cell viability SQGs sediment quality guidelines SRA Self Reported Antisocial Behavior scale SRD Self Report of Delinquent Behavior SRIF somatostatin SRM Standard Reference Material SRT simple reaction time SSADMF Social Security Administration Death Master File SSB single-strand breaks SSEP somatosensory-evoked potential StAR steroidogenic acute regulatory protein STORET STOrage and RETrieval SVC sensory conduction velocity SVRT simple visual reaction time T testosterone TA tail TABL time-averaged blood lead T&E threatened and endangered (species) TAT tyrosine aminotransferase TB tibia TBARS thiobarbituric acid-reactive species TBPS Total Behavior Problem Score TCDD methionine-choline-deficient diet T cell T lymphocyte TCLP toxic characteristic leaching procedure TE testes TEC threshold effect concentration TEDG testes degeneration TEL tetraethyl lead TES testosterone TEWT testes weight TF transferrin, translocation factor TG 6-thioguanine II-xxxviii
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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
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Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
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Authors, Contributors, and Reviewer
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
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Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
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Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
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BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
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CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
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EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
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GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
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KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
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NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
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Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
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RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
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TGF transforming growth factor TH t
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AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
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AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
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AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
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AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
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AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
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AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
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AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
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AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
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AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
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Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
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Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
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Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
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Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
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Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
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Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
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Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
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Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
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Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
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CCE Coordination Center for Effects
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DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
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FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
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H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
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MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
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NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
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PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
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AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
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AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
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AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
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AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
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AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
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AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
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AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
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AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
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AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
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AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
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AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
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AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
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AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
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AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
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AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
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AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
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AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
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AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
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AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
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AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
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AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
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AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
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AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
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AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
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AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
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AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
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AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
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Page 233 and 234:
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AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
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AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
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AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
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AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
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AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
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AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
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AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
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AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
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AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
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AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
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AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
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AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
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AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
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AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
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AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
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AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
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AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
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AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
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AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
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AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
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AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
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AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
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AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
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AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
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AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
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REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
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Bataineh, H.; Al-Hamood, M. H.; Elb
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Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Huberm
Page 337 and 338:
Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
Page 339 and 340:
Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
Page 341 and 342:
children's health: immune and respi
Page 343 and 344:
Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
Page 345 and 346:
Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal ca
Page 347 and 348:
Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
Page 349 and 350:
Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
Page 351 and 352:
Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
Page 353 and 354:
Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldst
Page 355 and 356:
Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
Page 357 and 358:
Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
Page 359 and 360:
Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
Page 361 and 362:
O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
Page 363 and 364: Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
Page 365 and 366: Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
Page 367 and 368: Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
Page 369 and 370: Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
Page 371 and 372: Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
Page 373 and 374: Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
Page 375 and 376: Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
Page 377 and 378: Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
Page 379 and 380: Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
Page 381 and 382: The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
Page 383 and 384: Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
Page 385 and 386: List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
Page 387 and 388: List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
Page 389 and 390: Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 391 and 392: Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 393 and 394: Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
Page 395 and 396: Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
Page 397 and 398: Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
Page 399 and 400: ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 401 and 402: CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 403 and 404: DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 405 and 406: FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 407 and 408: HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
Page 409 and 410: MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 411 and 412: NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 413: ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 417 and 418: vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
Page 419 and 420: ANNEX TABLES AX6-2 AX6-2
Page 421 and 422: AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
Page 427 and 428: AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
Page 429 and 430: AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
Page 431 and 432: AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
Page 433 and 434: AX6-16 Table AX6-2.4 (cont’d). Ef
Page 441 and 442: AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
Page 445 and 446: AX6-28 Table AX6-2.10 (cont’d). R
Page 447 and 448: AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
Page 449 and 450: AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
Page 451 and 452: AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
Page 453 and 454: AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
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AX6-48 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-50 Table AX6-3.4 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-56 Table AX6-3.6. Evoked Potent
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AX6-58 Table AX6-3.6 (cont’d). Ev
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AX6-60 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-62 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-64 Table AX6-3.8 (cont’d). Oc
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AX6-66 Table AX6-3.9. Other Neurolo
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AX6-68 Table AX6-3.9 (cont’d). Ot
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AX6-70 Table AX6-4.1. Renal Effects
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AX6-72 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-104 Table AX6-4.3. Renal Effect
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AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
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AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
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AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
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AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
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AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
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Page 603 and 604:
AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
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AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
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AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
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AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
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AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
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AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
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REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
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Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
Page 681 and 682:
Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stew
Page 683 and 684:
Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
Page 685 and 686:
David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
Page 687 and 688:
Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
Page 689 and 690:
Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
Page 691 and 692:
Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
Page 693 and 694:
Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
Page 695 and 696:
Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
Page 697 and 698:
Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
Page 699 and 700:
Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
Page 701 and 702:
Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
Page 703 and 704:
Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
Page 705 and 706:
Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
Page 707 and 708:
Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
Page 709 and 710:
Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
Page 711 and 712:
Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
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Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; R
Page 715 and 716:
October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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drafts of document materials were r
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Table of Contents PREFACE..........
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Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
Page 725 and 726:
List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
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List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
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Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
Page 739 and 740:
ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 741 and 742:
CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 743 and 744:
DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 745 and 746:
FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 747 and 748:
HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
Page 749 and 750:
MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 751 and 752:
NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 753 and 754:
ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 755 and 756:
SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
Page 757 and 758:
vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
Page 759 and 760:
Pb is ideally suited for this task.
Page 761 and 762:
Concept For a given metal or metall
Page 763 and 764:
(1979) observed that “the smaller
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Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
Page 767 and 768:
• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
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Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
Page 771 and 772:
diffraction lines and comparing the
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The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
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techniques can be useful in a study
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have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
Page 779 and 780:
to 15 years after biosolid applicat
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thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
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completely extract targeted phases.
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epresents Eb. The precise energy re
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1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
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T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
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floor) time-series data to evaluate
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contributions of dry deposition may
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Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
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thought to enter the plant via the
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soil was not allowed to equilibrate
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Lead concentrations in various tiss
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that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
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plasma levels of uric acid and crea
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effective use of glutathione metabo
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and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
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other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
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Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
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organism responses to Pb. Section A
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Primary Producers Commonly reported
Page 819 and 820:
solution and minimal translocation
Page 821 and 822:
AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
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AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
Page 825 and 826:
AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
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Very little research has been done
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AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
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AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
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Page 835 and 836:
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AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
Page 839 and 840:
A literature search and review was
Page 841 and 842:
Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
Page 843 and 844:
The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
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Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
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Since the movement and fate of Pb i
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Land Use and Industry Changes in la
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lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
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zinc; had very low pH; and were det
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Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
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iomass carbon. Because of this link
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in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
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the forested Lehstenbach catchment
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there is little evidence that Pb ac
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ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
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To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
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for the binding of free-metal ion a
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partition in sediment between acid-
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AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
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varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
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Organic compounds in surface waters
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solution phase, complexation with c
Page 881 and 882:
The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
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Lead Distributions Generated from t
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AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
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AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
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AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
Page 891 and 892:
Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
Page 893 and 894:
Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
Page 895 and 896:
Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
Page 897 and 898:
AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
Page 899 and 900:
calculations indicate that only a s
Page 901 and 902:
from municipal sewage, storm runoff
Page 903 and 904:
AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mo
Page 905 and 906:
aquatic plants and insects and on t
Page 907 and 908:
designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
Page 909 and 910:
sequestering to organ tissues). The
Page 911 and 912:
AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
Page 913 and 914:
Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
Page 915 and 916:
1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
Page 917 and 918:
Studies have identified ALAD in fis
Page 919 and 920:
metals over nonessential metals. Th
Page 921 and 922:
In summary, relationships between a
Page 923 and 924:
potential toxic effects in other or
Page 925 and 926:
esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
Page 927 and 928:
carbon sources (including glucose),
Page 929 and 930:
separate concentration-effects mode
Page 931 and 932:
1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
Page 933 and 934:
Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
Page 935 and 936:
observed in Selenastrum capricornut
Page 937 and 938:
Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
Page 939 and 940:
1997). The most sensitive primary p
Page 941 and 942:
Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
Page 943 and 944:
AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
Page 945 and 946:
concentrations of
Page 947 and 948:
AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
Page 949 and 950:
AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
Page 951 and 952:
studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
Page 953 and 954:
However, in other cases multivariat
Page 955 and 956:
species was observed. Similar, sign
Page 957 and 958:
AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
Page 961 and 962:
variables, it does not imply causat
Page 963 and 964:
Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
Page 965 and 966:
metal levels. Furthermore, although
Page 967 and 968:
environment through bioaccumulation
Page 969 and 970:
Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
Page 971 and 972:
Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
Page 975 and 976:
Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
Page 977 and 978:
Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
Page 979 and 980:
Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
Page 981 and 982:
Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
Page 983 and 984:
Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
Page 987 and 988:
Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
Page 989 and 990:
Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
Page 993 and 994:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 995 and 996:
Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto
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