Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX4-3
Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analytical Methods for Determining Lead in Blood, Urine, and Hair
Sample
Matrix Preparation Method Analytical Method
Blood Addition of 50 µL of blood into reagent, mixing,
and transferring to sensor strip (commercial test kit)
Urine Collect 50 mL urine sample and add 5 mL
concentrated HNO3 as preservative; filter samples
through cellulose membrane, adjust pH to 8, ash filters
and resins in low temperature oxygen plasma for
6 hours
Serum,
blood, and
urine
Filtration of sample if needed; blood requires
digestion in a Parr bomb; dilution of serum or urine
with acid or water
Urine Wet ashing of sample with acid mixture and
dissolution in dilute HClO 4
Hair Cleaning of sample with acetone/ methanol; digestion
with acid mixture and heat; diammonium phosphate
addition as matrix modifier
Hair Cleaning with lauryl sulfate and water; digestion with
heated nitric acid
Hair Cleaning with water; digestion with heated nitric acid
and H2O 2
Sample
Detection Limit
Accuracy
(percent recovery) Reference
Gold electrode sensor 1.4 µg/dL No data ESA (1998)
ICP-AES (Method 8310) 5 µg/L 100 NIOSH (1994)
ICP-AES 10B50 µg/L 85 (serum) >80
(urine, blood)
ASV with mercurygraphite
electrode
(Method 200)
Que Hee and Boyle
(1988)
4 µg/L 90B110 NIOSH (1977c)
GFAAS 0.16 µg/g 99 Wilhelm et al. (1989)
ICP-AES 1 µg/g No data DiPietro et al. (1989)
ET-AAS 90 Drash et al. (1997)
Hair Cleaning with acetone/water XRF 0.5 µg/g No data Gerhardsson et al.
(1995a)
AAS, atomic absorption spectroscopy; APDC, ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate; ASV, anode stripping voltammetry; Ba(NO 3) 2, barium nitrate; ET-AAS, electro-thermal
atomic absorption spectrometry; GFAAS, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy; H2O 2, hydrogen peroxide; H 2SO 4, sulfuric acid; HClO 4, perchloric acid; HNO 3,
nitric acid; ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectroscopy; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; IDMS, isotope dilution mass
spectrometry; MIBK, methyl isobutyl ketone; NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 206 Pb, lead 206; XRF, X-ray fluorescence.