Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

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Karmakar, N.; Anand, S. (1989) Study of the inhibitory effect of lead acetate on duodenal contractility in rat. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 16: 745-750. Karmakar, N.; Saxena, R.; Anand, S. (1986) Histopathological changes induced in rat tissues by oral intake of lead acetate. Environ. Res. 41: 23-28. Karmaus, W.; Brooks, K. R.; Nebe, T.; Witten, J.; Obi-Osius, N.; Kruse, H. (2005) Immune function biomarkers in children exposed to lead and organochlorine compounds: a cross-sectional study. Environ. Health Glob. Access Sci. 4: 1-10. Kato, Y.; Takimoto, S.; Ogura, H. (1977) Mechanism of induction of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia by lead acetate in the rat. Calcif. Tissue Res. 24: 41-46. Kauppinen, T.; Riala, R.; Seitsamo, J.; Hernberg, S. (1992) Primary liver cancer and occupational exposure. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 18: 18-25. Kelada, S. N.; Shelton, E.; Kaufmann, R. B.; Khoury, M. J. (2001) δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase genotype and lead toxicity: a HuGE review. Am. J. Epidemiol. 154: 1-13. Keller, C. A.; Doherty, R. A. (1980) Bone lead mobilization in lactating mice and lead transfer to suckling offspring. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 55: 220-228. Kempe, D. A.; Lang, P. A.; Eisele, K.; Klarl, B. A.; Wieder, T.; Huber, S. M.; Duranton, C.; Lang, F. (2005) Stimulation of erythrocyte phosphatidylserine exposure by lead ions. Am. J. Physiol. 288: C396-C402. Kempinas, W. G.; Lamano-Carvalho, T. L.; Petenusci, S. O.; Lopes, R. A.; Azoubel, R. (1988) Morphometric and stereological analysis of rat testis and epididymis in an early phase of saturnism. Exp. Biol. 8: 51-56. Kempinas, W. G.; Melo, V. R.; Oliveira-Filho, R. M.; Santos, A. C.; Favaretto, A. L.; Lamano-Carvalho, T. L. (1990) Saturnism in the male rat: endocrine effects. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 23: 1171-1175. Kempinas, W. G.; Favaretto, A. L. V.; Melo, V. R.; Lamano Carvalho, T. L.; Petenusci, S. O.; Oliveira-Filho, R. M. (1994) Time-dependent effects of lead on rat reproductive functions. J. Appl. Toxicol. 14: 427-433. Kennedy, G. L.; Arnold, D. W.; Calandra, J. C. (1975) Teratogenic evaluation of lead compounds in mice and rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13: 629-632. Keogh, J. P.; Steffen, B.; Siegers, C.-P. (1994) Cytotoxicity of heavy metals in the human small intestinal epithelial cell line I-407: the role of glutathione. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 43: 351-359. Kern, M.; Audesirk, G. (1995) Inorganic lead may inhibit neurite development in cultured rat hippocampal neurons through hyperphosphorylation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 134: 111-123. Kern, M.; Audesirk, G. (2000) Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of inorganic lead on calcineurin. Toxicology 150: 171-178. Kerper, L. E.; Hinkle, P. M. (1997) Cellular uptake of lead is activated by depletion of intracellular calcium stores. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 8346-8352. Khalil-Manesh, F.; Gonick, H. C. Cohen, A. H.; Alinovi, R.; Bergamaschi, E.; Mutti, A.; Rosen, V. J. (1992a) Expermiental model of lead nephropathy. I. Continuous high-dose lead administration. Kidney Int. 41: 1192-1203. Khalil-Manesh, F.; Gonick, H. C.; Cohen, A.; Bergamaschi, E.; Mutti, A. (1992b) Experimental model of lead nephropathy. II. Effect of removal from lead exposure and chelation treatment with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). Environ. Res 58: 35-54. Khalil-Manesh, F.; Gonick, H. C.; Weiler, E. W. J.; Prins, B.; Weber, M. A.; Purdy, R. E. (1993a) Lead-induced hypertension: possible role of endothelial factors. Am. J. Hypertens. 6: 723-729. Khalil-Manesh, F.; Gonick, H. C.; Cohen, A. H. (1993b) Experimental model of lead nephropathy. III. Continuous low-level lead administration. Arch. Environ. Health 48: 271-278. Khalil-Manesh, F.; Gonick, H. C.; Weiler, E. W. J.; Prins, B.; Weber, M. A.; Purdy, R.; Ren, Q. (1994) Effect of chelation treatment with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on lead-related blood pressure changes. Environ. Res. 65: 86-99. Khan, M. Z.; Szarek, J. (1994) Effects of concurrent oral administration of lead, selenium or monensin on hepatic porphyrin levels in broiler chickens during sub-acute toxicosis. J. Vet. Med. B. 41: 77-82. Kim, D.; Lawrence, D. A. (2000) Immunotoxic effects of inorganic lead on host resistance of mice with different circling behavior preferences. Brain Behav. Immun. 14: 305-317. Kim, J. S.; Hamilton, D. L.; Blakley, B. R.; Rousseaux, C. G. (1992) The effects of thiamin on lead metabolism: organ distribution of lead 203. Can. J. Vet. Res. 56: 256-259. Kim, R.; Rotnitsky, A.; Sparrow, D.; Weiss, S. T.; Wager, C.; Hu, H. (1996) A longitudinal study of low-level lead exposure and impairment of renal function. The Normative Aging Study. JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. 275: 1177-1181. AX5-211
Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldstein, G. W.; Bressler, J. P. (2000) Immediate early gene expression in PC12 cells exposed to lead: requirement for protein kinase C. J. Neurochem. 74: 1140-1146. Kim, H.-S.; Lee, S.-S.; Lee, G.-S.; Hwangbo, Y.; Ahn, K.-D.; Lee, B.-K. (2004) The protective effect of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase 1-2 and 2-2 isozymes against blood lead with higher hematologic parameters. Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 538-541. Kimber, I.; Stonard, M. D.; Gidlow, D. A.; Niewola, Z. (1986) Influence of chronic low-level exposure to lead on plasma immunoglobulin concentration and cellular immune function in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 57: 117-125. Kimmel, C. A.; Grant, L. D.; Sloan, C. S.; Gladen, B. C. (1980) Chronic low-level lead toxicity in the rat. I. Maternal toxicity and perinatal effects. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 56: 28-41. Kiremidjian-Schumacher, L.; Stotzky, G.; Dickstein, R. A.; Schwartz, J. (1981) Influence of cadmium, lead, and zinc on the ability of guinea pig macrophages to interact with macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Environ. Res. 24: 106-116. Kishikawa, H.; Lawrence, D. A. (1998) Differential production of interleukin-6 in the brain and spleen of mice treated with lipopolysaccharide in the presence and absence of lead. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 53: 357-373. Kishikawa, H.; Song, R.; Lawrence, D. A. (1997) Interleukin-12 promotes enhanced resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection of lead-exposed mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 147: 180-189. Kishimoto, T.; Oguri, T.; Ueda, D.; Tada, M. (1995) Effect of lead on tube formation by cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Arch. Toxicol. 69: 718-721. Klann, E.; Shelton, K. R. (1989) The effect of lead on the metabolism of a nuclear matrix protein which becomes prominent in lead-induced intranuclear inclusion bodies. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 16,969-16,972. Klann, E.; Shelton, K. R. (1990) A lead-associated nuclear protein which increases in maturing brain and in differentiating neuroblastoma 2A cells exposed to cyclic AMP-elevating agents. Dev. Brain Res. 57: 71-75. Klein, R. F.; Wiren, K. M. (1993) Regulation of osteoblastic gene expression by lead. Endocrinology 132: 2531-2537. Klein, D.; Wan, Y.-J. Y.; Kamyab, S.; Okuda, H.; Sokol, R. Z. (1994) Effects of toxic levels of lead on gene regulation in the male axis: increase in messenger ribonucleic acids and intracellular stores of gonadotrophs within the central nervous system. Biol. Reprod. 50: 802-811. Kleszcyńska, H.; Hladyszowski, J.; Pruchnik, H.; Przestalski, S. (1997) Erythrocyte hemolysis by organic tin and lead compounds. Z. Naturforsch. C: J. Biosci. 52: 65-69. Knowles, S. O.; Donaldson, W. E. (1990) Dietary modification of lead toxicity: effects on fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism in chicks. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 95: 99-104. Knowles, S. O.; Donaldson, W. E. (1997) Lead disrupts eicosanoid metabolism, macrophage function, and disease resistance in birds. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 60: 13-26. Kobayashi, N.; Okamoto, T. (1974) Effects of lead oxide on the induction of lung tumors in Syrian hamsters. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52: 1605-1610. Kober, T. E.; Cooper, G. P. (1976) Lead competitively inhibits calcium-dependent synaptic transmission in the bullfrog sympathetic ganglion. Nature (London) 262: 704-705. Kojima, M.; Nemoto, K.; Murai, U.; Yoshimura, N.; Ayabe, Y.; Degawa, M. (2002) Altered gene expression of hepatic lanosterol 14x-demethylase (CYP51) in lead nitrate-treated rats. Arch. Toxicol. 76: 398-403. Kojima, M.; Masui, T.; Nemoto, K.; Degawa, M. (2004) Lead nitrate-induced development of hypercholesterolemia in rats: sterol-independent gene regulation of hepatic enzymes responsible for cholesterol homeostasis. Toxicol. Lett. 154: 35-44. Koller, L. D. (1973) Immunosuppression produced by lead, cadmium, and mercury. Am. J. Vet. Res. 34: 1457-1458. Koller, L. D.; Kovacic, S. (1974) Decreased antibody formation in mice exposed to lead. Nature 250: 148-150. Koller, L. D.; Roan, J. G. (1980) Effects of lead, cadmium and methylmercury on immunological memory. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4: 47-52. Koller, L. D.; Exon, J. H.; Roan, J. G. (1976) Humoral antibody response in mice after single dose exposure to lead or cadmium. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 151: 339-342. Koller, L. D.; Roan, J. G.; Brauner, J. A.; Exon, J. H. (1977) Immune response in aged mice exposed to lead. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 3: 535-543. Konantakieti, C.; Beuthin, F. C.; Louis-Ferdinand, R. T. (1986) Erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase inhibition by acute lead exposure in neonatal rats. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 1: 51-59. Koo, P.; Nagai, M. K.; Farber, E. (1994) Multiple sites of control of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 in rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 14601-14606. AX5-212
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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
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Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
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Authors, Contributors, and Reviewer
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
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Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
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Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
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BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
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CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
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EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
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GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
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KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
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NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
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Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
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RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
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TGF transforming growth factor TH t
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AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
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AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
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AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
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AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
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AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
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AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
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AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
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AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
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AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
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Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
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Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
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Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
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Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
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Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
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Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
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Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
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Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
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Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
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CCE Coordination Center for Effects
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DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
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FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
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H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
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MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
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NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
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PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
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AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
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AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
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AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
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AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
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AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
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AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
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AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
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AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
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AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
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AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
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AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
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AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
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AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
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AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
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AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
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AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
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AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
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AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
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AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
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AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
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AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
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AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
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AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
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AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
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AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
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AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
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AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
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Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
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Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
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AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
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AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
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AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
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AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
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AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
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AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
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AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
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AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
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AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
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AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
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AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
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AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
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AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
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AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
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AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
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AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
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AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
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AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
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AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
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Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302: AX5-160 Table AX5-10.1 (cont’d).
Page 303 and 304: AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
Page 307 and 308: AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
Page 321 and 322: AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
Page 325 and 326: AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
Page 327 and 328: ANNEX TABLES AX5-11 AX5-186
Page 329 and 330: AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
Page 331 and 332: REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
Page 333 and 334: Bataineh, H.; Al-Hamood, M. H.; Elb
Page 335 and 336: Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Huberm
Page 337 and 338: Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
Page 339 and 340: Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
Page 341 and 342: children's health: immune and respi
Page 343 and 344: Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
Page 345 and 346: Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal ca
Page 347 and 348: Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
Page 349 and 350: Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
Page 351: Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
Page 355 and 356: Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
Page 357 and 358: Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
Page 359 and 360: Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
Page 361 and 362: O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
Page 363 and 364: Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
Page 365 and 366: Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
Page 367 and 368: Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
Page 369 and 370: Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
Page 371 and 372: Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
Page 373 and 374: Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
Page 375 and 376: Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
Page 377 and 378: Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
Page 379 and 380: Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
Page 381 and 382: The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
Page 383 and 384: Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
Page 385 and 386: List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
Page 387 and 388: List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
Page 389 and 390: Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 391 and 392: Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 393 and 394: Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
Page 395 and 396: Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
Page 397 and 398: Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
Page 399 and 400: ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 401 and 402: CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
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DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
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FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
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HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
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NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
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ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
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Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
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AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
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Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
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Page 447 and 448:
AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
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AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
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AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
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AX6-50 Table AX6-3.4 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-56 Table AX6-3.6. Evoked Potent
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AX6-58 Table AX6-3.6 (cont’d). Ev
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AX6-60 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-62 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-64 Table AX6-3.8 (cont’d). Oc
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AX6-66 Table AX6-3.9. Other Neurolo
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AX6-68 Table AX6-3.9 (cont’d). Ot
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AX6-70 Table AX6-4.1. Renal Effects
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AX6-72 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-104 Table AX6-4.3. Renal Effect
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AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
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AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
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AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
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AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
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AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
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Page 603 and 604:
AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
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AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
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AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
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AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
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AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
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AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
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REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
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Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
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Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stew
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Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
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David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
Page 687 and 688:
Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
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Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
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Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
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Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
Page 695 and 696:
Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
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Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
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Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
Page 701 and 702:
Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
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Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
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Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
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Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
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Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
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Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
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Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; R
Page 715 and 716:
October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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drafts of document materials were r
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Table of Contents PREFACE..........
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Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
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List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
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Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
Page 739 and 740:
ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 741 and 742:
CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 743 and 744:
DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 745 and 746:
FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 747 and 748:
HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
Page 749 and 750:
MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 751 and 752:
NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 753 and 754:
ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 755 and 756:
Page 757 and 758:
Page 759 and 760:
Pb is ideally suited for this task.
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Concept For a given metal or metall
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(1979) observed that “the smaller
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Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
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• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
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Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
Page 771 and 772:
diffraction lines and comparing the
Page 773 and 774:
The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
Page 775 and 776:
techniques can be useful in a study
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have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
Page 779 and 780:
to 15 years after biosolid applicat
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thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
Page 783 and 784:
completely extract targeted phases.
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epresents Eb. The precise energy re
Page 787 and 788:
1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
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T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
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floor) time-series data to evaluate
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contributions of dry deposition may
Page 795 and 796:
Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
Page 797 and 798:
thought to enter the plant via the
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soil was not allowed to equilibrate
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Lead concentrations in various tiss
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that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
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plasma levels of uric acid and crea
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effective use of glutathione metabo
Page 809 and 810:
and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
Page 811 and 812:
other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
Page 813 and 814:
Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
Page 815 and 816:
organism responses to Pb. Section A
Page 817 and 818:
Primary Producers Commonly reported
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solution and minimal translocation
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AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
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AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
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AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
Page 827 and 828:
Very little research has been done
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AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
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AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
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AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
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A literature search and review was
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Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
Page 843 and 844:
The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
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Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
Page 847 and 848:
Since the movement and fate of Pb i
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Land Use and Industry Changes in la
Page 851 and 852:
lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
Page 853 and 854:
zinc; had very low pH; and were det
Page 855 and 856:
Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
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iomass carbon. Because of this link
Page 859 and 860:
in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
Page 861 and 862:
the forested Lehstenbach catchment
Page 863 and 864:
there is little evidence that Pb ac
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ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
Page 867 and 868:
To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
Page 869 and 870:
for the binding of free-metal ion a
Page 871 and 872:
partition in sediment between acid-
Page 873 and 874:
AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
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varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
Page 877 and 878:
Organic compounds in surface waters
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solution phase, complexation with c
Page 881 and 882:
The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
Page 883 and 884:
Lead Distributions Generated from t
Page 885 and 886:
AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
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AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
Page 889 and 890:
AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
Page 891 and 892:
Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
Page 893 and 894:
Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
Page 895 and 896:
Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
Page 897 and 898:
AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
Page 899 and 900:
calculations indicate that only a s
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from municipal sewage, storm runoff
Page 903 and 904:
AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mo
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aquatic plants and insects and on t
Page 907 and 908:
designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
Page 909 and 910:
sequestering to organ tissues). The
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AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
Page 913 and 914:
Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
Page 915 and 916:
1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
Page 917 and 918:
Studies have identified ALAD in fis
Page 919 and 920:
metals over nonessential metals. Th
Page 921 and 922:
In summary, relationships between a
Page 923 and 924:
potential toxic effects in other or
Page 925 and 926:
esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
Page 927 and 928:
carbon sources (including glucose),
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separate concentration-effects mode
Page 931 and 932:
1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
Page 933 and 934:
Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
Page 935 and 936:
observed in Selenastrum capricornut
Page 937 and 938:
Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
Page 939 and 940:
1997). The most sensitive primary p
Page 941 and 942:
Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
Page 943 and 944:
AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
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concentrations of
Page 947 and 948:
AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
Page 949 and 950:
AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
Page 951 and 952:
studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
Page 953 and 954:
However, in other cases multivariat
Page 955 and 956:
species was observed. Similar, sign
Page 957 and 958:
AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
Page 961 and 962:
variables, it does not imply causat
Page 963 and 964:
Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
Page 965 and 966:
metal levels. Furthermore, although
Page 967 and 968:
environment through bioaccumulation
Page 969 and 970:
Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
Page 971 and 972:
Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
Page 975 and 976:
Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
Page 977 and 978:
Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
Page 979 and 980:
Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
Page 981 and 982:
Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
Page 983 and 984:
Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
Page 987 and 988:
Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
Page 989 and 990:
Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
Page 993 and 994:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto
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