Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

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Fowler, B. A. (1998) Roles of lead-binding proteins in mediating lead bioavailability. Environ. Health Perspect. Suppl. 106(6): 1585-1587. Fowler, B. A.; DuVal, G. (1991) Effects of lead on the kidney: roles of high-affinity lead-binding proteins. Environ. Health Perspect. 91: 77-80. Fowler, B. A.; Mahaffey, K. R. (1978) Interactions among lead, cadmium, and arsenic in relation to porphyrin excretion patterns. Environ. Health Perspect. 25: 87-90. Fowler, B. A.; Kimmel, C. A.; Woods, J. S.; McConnell, E. E.; Grant, L. D. (1980) Chronic low-level lead toxicity in the rat. III. An integrated assessment of long-term toxicity with special reference to the kidney. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 56: 59-77. Fowler, B. A.; Kahng, M. W.; Smith, D. R.; Conner, E. A.; Laughlin, N. K. (1993) Implications of lead binding proteins for risk assessment of lead exposure. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 3: 441-448. Fowler, B. A.; Whittaker, M. H.; Lipsky, M.; Wang, G.; Chen, X.-Q. (2004) Oxidative stress induced by lead, cadmium and arsenic mixtures: 30-day, 90-day, and 180-day drinking water studies in rats: an overview. Biometals 17: 567-568. Fox, D. A.; Chu, L. W.-F. (1988) Rods are selectively altered by lead: II. ultrastructure and quantitative histology. Exp. Eye Res. 46: 613-625. Fox, D. A.; Farber, D. B. (1988) Rods are selectively altered by lead: I. electrophysiology and biochemistry. Exp. Eye Res. 46: 597-611. Fox, D. A.; Rubinstein, S. D. (1989) Age-related changes in retinal sensitivity, rhodopsin content and rod outer segment length in hooded rats following low-level lead exposure during development. Exp. Eye Res. 48: 237-249. Fox, D. A.; Sillman, A. J. (1979) Heavy metals affect rod, but not cone, photoreceptors. Science (Washington, DC) 206: 78-80. Fox, D. A.; Katz, L. M.; Farber, D. B. (1991a) Low level developmental lead exposure decreases the sensitivity, amplitude and temporal resolution of rods. Neurotoxicology 12: 641-654. Fox, D. A.; Rubinstein, S. D.; Hsu, P. (1991b) Developmental lead exposure inhibits adult rat retinal, but not kidney, Na+,K+-ATPase. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 109: 482-493. Fox, D. A.; Srivastava, D.; Hurwitz, R. L. (1994) Lead-induced alterations in rod-mediated visual functions and cGMP metabolism: new insights. Neurotoxicology 15: 503-512. Fox, D. A.; Campbell, M. L.; Blocker, Y. S. (1997) Functional alterations and apoptotic cell death in the retina following developmental or adult lead exposure. Neurotoxicology 18: 645-664. Fracasso, M. E.; Perbellini, L.; Solda, S.; Talamini, G.; Franceschetti, P. (2002) Lead induced DNA strand breaks in lymphocytes of exposed workers: role of reactive oxygen species and protein kinase C. Mutat. Res. 515: 159-169. Franklin, C. A.; Inskip, M. J.; Baccanale, C. L.; Edwards, C. M.; Manton, W. I.; Edwards, E.; O'Flaherty, E. J. (1997) Use of sequentially administered stable lead isotopes to investigate changes in blood lead during pregnancy in a nonhuman primate (Macaca fascicularis). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 39: 109-119. Franks, P. A.; Laughlin, N. K.; Dierschke, D. J.; Bowman, R. E.; Meller, P. A. (1989) Effects of lead on luteal function in rhesus monkeys. Biol. Reprod. 41: 1055-1062. Fu, H.; Boffetta, P. (1995) Cancer and occupational exposure to inorganic lead compounds: a meta-analysis of published data. Occup. Environ. Med. 52: 73-81. Fuentes, M.; Torregrosa, A.; Mora, R.; Götzens, V.; Corbella, J.; Domingo, J. L. (1996) Placental effects of lead in mice. Placenta 17: 371-376. Fujita, H.; Orii, Y.; Sano, S. (1981) Evidence of increased synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in experimental lead-poisoned rats. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 678: 39-50. Fujita, H.; Sato, K,; Sano, S. (1982) Increase in the amount of Erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in workers with moderate lead exposure. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 50: 287-297. Fujiwara, Y.; Kaji, T. (1999) Possible mechanism for lead inhibition of vascular endothelial cell proliferation: a lower response to basic fibroblast growth factor through inhibition of heparan sulfate synthesis. Toxicology 133: 147-157. Fujiwara, Y.; Kaji, T.; Yamamoto, C.; Sakamoto, M.; Kozuka, H. (1995) Stimulatory effect of lead on the proliferation of cultured vascular smooth-muscle cells. Toxicology 98: 105-110. Fujiwara, Y.; Watanabe, S.; Sakamoto, M.; Kaji, T. (1998) Repair of wounded monolayers of cultured vascular endothelial cells after simultaneous exposure to lead and zinc. Toxicol. Lett. 94: 181-188. Fukumoto, K.; Karai, I.; Horiguchi, S. (1983) Effect of lead on erythrocyte membranes. Br. J. Ind. Med. 40: 220-223. AX5-203
Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal calcium and lead absorption: effects of dietary lead and calcium. Environ. Res. 54: 159-169. Fullmer, C. S. (1992) Intestinal interactions of lead and calcium. Neurotoxicology 13: 799-807. Fullmer, C. S. (1995) Dietary calcium levels and treatment interval determine the effects of lead ingestion on plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration in chicks. J. Nutr. 125: 1328-1333. Fullmer, C. S. (1997) Lead—calcium interactions: involvement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Environ. Res. 72: 45-55. Fullmer, C. S.; Rosen, J. F. (1990) Effect of dietary calcium and lead status on intestinal calcium absorption. Environ. Res. 51: 91-99. Fullmer, C. S.; Edelstein, S.; Wasserman, R. H. (1985) Lead-binding properties of intestinal calcium-binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 6816-6819. Fullmer, C. S.; Chandra, S.; Smith, C. A.; Morrison, G. H.; Wasserman, R. H. (1996) Ion microscopic imaging of calcium during 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated intestinal absorption. Histochem. Cell Biol. 106: 215-222. Furono, K.; Suetsugu, T.; Sugihara, N. (1996) Effects of metal ions on lipid peroxidation in cultured rat hepatocytes loaded with α-linolenic acid. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 48: 121-129. Gainer, J. H. (1977) Effects of heavy metals and of deficiency of zinc on mortality rates in mice infected with encephalomyocarditis virus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 38: 869-872. Gallagher, K.; Matarazzo, W. J.; Gray, I. (1979) Trace metal modification of immunocompetence. II. Effect of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cr3+ on RNA turnover, hexokinase activity, and blastogenesis during B-lymphocyte transformation in vitro. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 13: 369-377. Gandley, R.; Anderson, L.; Silbergeld, E. K. (1999) Lead: male-mediated effects on reproduction and development in the rat. Environ. Res. A 89: 355-363. Garavan, H.; Morgan, R. E.; Levitsky, D. A.; Hermer-Vazquez, L.; Strupp, B. J. (2000) Enduring effects of early lead exposure: evidence for a specific deficit in associative ability. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 22: 151-164. Garcia, T. A.; Corredor, L. (2004) Biochemical changes in the kidneys after perinatal intoxication with lead and/or cadmium and their antagonistic effects when coadministered. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 57: 184-189. Gautam, A. K.; Chowdhury, A. R. (1987) Effect of lead on erythropoietic system of intact and splenectomized rats. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 31: 117-124. Gaworski, C. L.; Sharma, R. P. (1978) The effects of heavy metals on [3H]thymidine uptake in lymphocytes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 46: 305-313. Gerhardsson, L.; Brune, D.; Nordberg, G. F.; Wester, P. O. (1986) Distribution of cadmium, lead and zinc in lung, liver and kidney in long-term exposed smelter workers. Sci. Total Environ. 50: 65-85. Gerhardsson, L.; Hagmar, L.; Rylander, L.; Skerfving, S. (1995) Mortality and cancer incidence among secondary lead smelter workers. Occup. Environ. Med. 52: 667-672. Gerlach, R. F.; Souza, A. P.; Cury, J. A.; Line, S. R. P. (2000a) Effect of lead, cadmium and zinc on the activity of enamel matrix proteinases in vitro. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 108: 327-334. Gerlach, R. F.; Toledo, D. B.; Novaes, P. D.; Merzel, J.; Line, S. R. P. (2000b) The effect of lead on the eruption rates of incisor teeth in rats. Arch. Oral Biol. 45: 951-955. Gerlach, R. F.; Cury, J. A.; Krug, F. J.; Line, S. R. P. (2002) Effect of lead on dental enamel formation. Toxicology 175: 27-34. Gewirtz, A. T.; Liu, Y.; Sitaraman, S. V.; Madara, J. L. (2002) Intestinal epithelial pathobiology: past, present and future. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 16: 851-867. Giavini, E.; Prati, M.; Vismara, C. (1980) Effects of cadmium, lead and copper on rat preimplantation embryos. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25: 702-705. Gibson, S. L. M.; Goldberg, A. (1970) Defects in haem synthesis in mammalian tissues in experimental lead poisoning and experimental porphyria. Clin. Sci. 38: 63-72. Gilbert, M. E.; Mack, C. M. (1998) Chronic lead exposure accelerates decay of long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyrus in vivo. Brain Res. 789: 139-149. Gilbert, S. G.; Rice, D. C. (1987) Low-level lifetime lead exposure produces behavioral toxicity (spatial discrimination reversal) in adult monkeys. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 91: 484-490. Gilbert, M. E.; Mack, C. M.; Lasley, S. M. (1996) Chronic developmental lead exposure increases the threshold for long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyrus in vivo. Brain Res. 736: 118-124. Gilbert, M. E.; Mack, C. M.; Lasley, S. M. (1999a) The influence of developmental period of lead exposure on longterm potentiation in the adult rat dentate gyrus in vivo. Neurotoxicology 20: 57-69. AX5-204
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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
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Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
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Authors, Contributors, and Reviewer
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
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Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
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Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
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BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
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CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
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EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
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GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
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KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
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NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
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Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
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RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
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TGF transforming growth factor TH t
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AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
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AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
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AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
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AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
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AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
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AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
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AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
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AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
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AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
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Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
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Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
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Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
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Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
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Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
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Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
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Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
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Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
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Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
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CCE Coordination Center for Effects
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DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
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FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
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H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
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MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
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NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
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PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
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AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
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AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
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AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
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AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
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AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
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AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
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AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
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AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
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AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
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AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
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AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
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AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
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AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
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AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
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AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
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AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
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AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
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AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
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AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
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AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
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AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
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AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
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AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
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AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
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AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
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AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
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AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
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AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
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AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
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AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
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AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
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AX5-108 Table AX5-6.19 (cont’d).
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AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
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AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
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AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
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AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
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AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
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AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
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AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
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AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
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AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
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AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
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AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
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AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
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AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
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AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
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AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
Page 293 and 294: AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
Page 295 and 296: AX5-154 Table AX5-9.5 (cont’d). E
Page 297 and 298: ANNEX TABLES AX5-10 AX5-156
Page 299 and 300: AX5-158 Table AX5-10.1 (cont’d).
Page 303 and 304: AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
Page 307 and 308: AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
Page 321 and 322: AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
Page 325 and 326: AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
Page 327 and 328: ANNEX TABLES AX5-11 AX5-186
Page 329 and 330: AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
Page 331 and 332: REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
Page 333 and 334: Bataineh, H.; Al-Hamood, M. H.; Elb
Page 335 and 336: Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Huberm
Page 337 and 338: Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
Page 339 and 340: Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
Page 341 and 342: children's health: immune and respi
Page 343: Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
Page 347 and 348: Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
Page 349 and 350: Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
Page 351 and 352: Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
Page 353 and 354: Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldst
Page 355 and 356: Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
Page 357 and 358: Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
Page 359 and 360: Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
Page 361 and 362: O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
Page 363 and 364: Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
Page 365 and 366: Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
Page 367 and 368: Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
Page 369 and 370: Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
Page 371 and 372: Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
Page 373 and 374: Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
Page 375 and 376: Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
Page 377 and 378: Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
Page 379 and 380: Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
Page 381 and 382: The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
Page 383 and 384: Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
Page 385 and 386: List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
Page 387 and 388: List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
Page 389 and 390: Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 391 and 392: Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
Page 393 and 394: Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
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CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
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DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
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FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
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HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
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NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
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ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
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AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
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AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
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AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
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AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
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AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
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AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
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AX6-50 Table AX6-3.4 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-56 Table AX6-3.6. Evoked Potent
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AX6-58 Table AX6-3.6 (cont’d). Ev
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AX6-60 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-62 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-64 Table AX6-3.8 (cont’d). Oc
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AX6-66 Table AX6-3.9. Other Neurolo
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AX6-68 Table AX6-3.9 (cont’d). Ot
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AX6-70 Table AX6-4.1. Renal Effects
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AX6-72 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-104 Table AX6-4.3. Renal Effect
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AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
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AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
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AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
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AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
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AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
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AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
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AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
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AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
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AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
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AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
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AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
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REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
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Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
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Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stew
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Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
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David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
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Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
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Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
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Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
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Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
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Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
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Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
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Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
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Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
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Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
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Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
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Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
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Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
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Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
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Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; R
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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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drafts of document materials were r
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Table of Contents PREFACE..........
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Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
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List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
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Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
Page 735 and 736:
Page 737 and 738:
Page 739 and 740:
ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 741 and 742:
CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 743 and 744:
DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 745 and 746:
FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 747 and 748:
HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 751 and 752:
NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 753 and 754:
ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 755 and 756:
Page 757 and 758:
Page 759 and 760:
Pb is ideally suited for this task.
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Concept For a given metal or metall
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(1979) observed that “the smaller
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Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
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• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
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Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
Page 771 and 772:
diffraction lines and comparing the
Page 773 and 774:
The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
Page 775 and 776:
techniques can be useful in a study
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have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
Page 779 and 780:
to 15 years after biosolid applicat
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thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
Page 783 and 784:
completely extract targeted phases.
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epresents Eb. The precise energy re
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1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
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T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
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floor) time-series data to evaluate
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contributions of dry deposition may
Page 795 and 796:
Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
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thought to enter the plant via the
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soil was not allowed to equilibrate
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Lead concentrations in various tiss
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that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
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plasma levels of uric acid and crea
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effective use of glutathione metabo
Page 809 and 810:
and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
Page 811 and 812:
other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
Page 813 and 814:
Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
Page 815 and 816:
organism responses to Pb. Section A
Page 817 and 818:
Primary Producers Commonly reported
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solution and minimal translocation
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AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
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AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
Page 825 and 826:
AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
Page 827 and 828:
Very little research has been done
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AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
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AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
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Page 835 and 836:
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AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
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A literature search and review was
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Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
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The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
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Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
Page 847 and 848:
Since the movement and fate of Pb i
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Land Use and Industry Changes in la
Page 851 and 852:
lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
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zinc; had very low pH; and were det
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Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
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iomass carbon. Because of this link
Page 859 and 860:
in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
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the forested Lehstenbach catchment
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there is little evidence that Pb ac
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ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
Page 867 and 868:
To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
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for the binding of free-metal ion a
Page 871 and 872:
partition in sediment between acid-
Page 873 and 874:
AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
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varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
Page 877 and 878:
Organic compounds in surface waters
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solution phase, complexation with c
Page 881 and 882:
The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
Page 883 and 884:
Lead Distributions Generated from t
Page 885 and 886:
AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
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AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
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AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
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Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
Page 893 and 894:
Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
Page 895 and 896:
Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
Page 897 and 898:
AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
Page 899 and 900:
calculations indicate that only a s
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from municipal sewage, storm runoff
Page 903 and 904:
AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mo
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aquatic plants and insects and on t
Page 907 and 908:
designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
Page 909 and 910:
sequestering to organ tissues). The
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AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
Page 913 and 914:
Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
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1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
Page 917 and 918:
Studies have identified ALAD in fis
Page 919 and 920:
metals over nonessential metals. Th
Page 921 and 922:
In summary, relationships between a
Page 923 and 924:
potential toxic effects in other or
Page 925 and 926:
esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
Page 927 and 928:
carbon sources (including glucose),
Page 929 and 930:
separate concentration-effects mode
Page 931 and 932:
1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
Page 933 and 934:
Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
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observed in Selenastrum capricornut
Page 937 and 938:
Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
Page 939 and 940:
1997). The most sensitive primary p
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Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
Page 943 and 944:
AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
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concentrations of
Page 947 and 948:
AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
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AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
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studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
Page 953 and 954:
However, in other cases multivariat
Page 955 and 956:
species was observed. Similar, sign
Page 957 and 958:
AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
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variables, it does not imply causat
Page 963 and 964:
Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
Page 965 and 966:
metal levels. Furthermore, although
Page 967 and 968:
environment through bioaccumulation
Page 969 and 970:
Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
Page 971 and 972:
Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
Page 975 and 976:
Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
Page 977 and 978:
Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
Page 979 and 980:
Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
Page 981 and 982:
Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
Page 983 and 984:
Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
Page 987 and 988:
Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
Page 989 and 990:
Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
Page 993 and 994:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 995 and 996:
Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto
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