Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

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Bogden, J. D.; Kemp, F. W.; Han, S.; Murphy, M.; Fraiman, M.; Czerniach, D.; Flynn, C. J.; Banua, M. L.; Scimone, A.; Castrovilly, L.; Gertner, S. B. (1995) Dietary calcium and lead interact to modify maternal blood pressure, erythropoiesis, and fetal and neonatal growth in rats during pregnancy and lactation. J. Nutr. 125: 990-1002. Bonacker, D.; Stoiber, T.; Böhm, K. J.; Prots, I.; Wang, M.; Unger E.; Thier, R.; Bolt, H. M.; Degen, G. H. (2005) Genotoxicity of inorganic lead salts and disturbance of microtubule function. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 45: 346-353. Bondy, S. C. (1986) Effect of triethyl lead chloride on δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 18: 639-649. Bondy, S. C. Guo, S. X. (1996) Lead potentiates iron-induced formation of reactive oxygen species. Toxicol. Lett. 87: 109-112. Borella, P.; Giardino, A. (1991) Lead and cadmium at very low doses affect in vitro immune response of human lymphocytes. Environ. Res. 55: 165-177. Borg, C.; Abdelali, J.; Laderach, D.; Maruyama, K.; Wakasugi, H.; Charrier, S.; Ryffel, B.; Vainchenker, W.; Galy, A.; Caignard, A.; Zitvogel, L.; Cambi, A.; Figdor, C. (2004) NK cell activation by dendritic cells (DC) require the formation of a synapse leading to IL-12 polarization in DC. Blood 104: 3267-3275. Boscolo, P.; Carmignani, M.; Sacchettoni-Logroscino, G.; Rannelletti, F. O.; Artese, L.; Preziosi, P. (1988) Ultrastructure of the testis in rats with blood hypertension induced by long-term lead exposure. Toxicol. Lett. 41: 129-137. Boudene, C.; Despaux-Pages, N.; Comoy, E.; Bohuon, C. (1984) Immunological and enzymatic studies of erythrocytic δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase [Comparison of results obtained in normal and lead-exposed subjects]. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 55: 87-96. Bouley, G.; Dubreuil, A.; Arsac, F.; Boudène, C. (1977) Effet du plomb microparticulaire, introduit dans l'appareil respiratoire, sur la sensibilité de la souris à l'infection par aérosol de Pasteurella multocida [Effect of microparticulate lead, introduced through respiratory apparatus, on the resistance of mice to infection by aerosolized Pasteurella multocida]. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. D 285: 1553-1556. Bourjeily, N.; Suszkiw, J. B. (1997) Developmental cholinotoxicity of lead: loss of septal cholinergic neurons and long-term changes in cholinergic innervation of the hippocampus in perinatally lead-exposed rats. Brain Res. 771: 319-328. Bowen, W. H. (2001) Exposure to metal ions and susceptibility to dental caries. J. Dent. Ed. 65: 1046-1053. Boyce, S. J.; Mantle, T. J. (1993) Effect of lead acetate and carbon particles on the expression of glutathione Stransferase YfYf in rat liver. Biochem. J. 294: 301-304. Bradbury, M. W.; Deane, R. (1986) Rate of uptake of lead-203 into brain and other soft tissues of the rat at constant radiotracer levels in plasma. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 481: 142-160. Bradbury, M. W. B.; Deane, R. (1993) Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to lead. Neurotoxicology 14: 131-136. Bradbury, M. W.; Lightman, S. L.; Yuen, L.; Pinter, G. G. (1991) Permeability of blood-brain and blood-nerve barriers in experimental diabetes mellitus in the anaesthetized rat. Exp. Physiol. 76: 887-898. Braga, M. F. M; Pereira, E. F. R.; Albuquerque, E. X. (1999a) Nanomolar concentrations of lead inhibit glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission in hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 826: 22-34. Braga, M. F. M.; Pereira, E. F. R.; Marchioro, M.; Albuquerque, E. X. (1999b) Lead increases tetrodotoxininsensitive spontaneous release of glutamate and GABA from hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 826: 10-21. Braga, M. F.; Pereira, E. F.; Mike, A.; Albuquerque, E. X. (2004) Pb2+ via protein kinase C inhibits nicotinic cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 311: 700-710. Bratton, G. R.; Hiney, J. K.; Dees, W. L. (1994) Lead (Pb) alters the norepinephrine-induced secretion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone from the medium eminence of adult male rats in vitro. Life Sci. 55: 563-571. Bressler, J. P.; Goldstein, G. W. (1991) Mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 41: 479-484. Brockel, B. J.; Cory-Slechta, D. A. (1998) Lead, attention, and impulsive behavior: changes in a fixed-ratio waitingfor-reward paradigm. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 60: 545-552. Brockel, B. J.; Cory-Slechta, D. A. (1999a) Lead-induced decrements in waiting behavior: involvement of D2-like dopamine receptors. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 63: 423-434. Brockel, B. J.; Cory-Slechta, D. A. (1999b) The effects of postweaning low-level Pb exposure on sustained attention: a study of target densities, stimulus presentation rate, and stimulus predictability. Neurotoxicology 20: 921-933. Brüschweiler, B. J.; Würgler, F. E.; Fent, K. (1996) Inhibitory effects of heavy metals on cytochrome P4501A induction in permanent fish hepatoma cells. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31: 475-482. AX5-193
Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Hubermont, G.; Lauwerys, R. (1976) Effect of lead on some parameters of the heme biosynthetic pathway in rat tissues in vivo. Toxicology 6: 21-34. Buckley, J. D.; Robison, L. L.; Swotinsky, R.; Garabrant, D. H.; LeBeau, M.; Manchester, P.; Nesbit, M. E.; Odom, L.; Peters, J. M.; Woods, W. G.; Hammond, G. D. (1989) Occupational exposures of parents of children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a report from the children's cancer study group. Cancer Res. 49: 4030-4037. Bunn, T. L.; Marsh, J. A.; Dietert, R. R. (2000) Gender differences in developmental immunotoxicity to lead in a chicken: analysis following a single early low-level exposure in ovo. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 61: 677-693. Bunn, T. L.; Parsons, P. J.; Kao, E.; Dietert, R. R. (2001a) Gender-based profiles of developmental immunotoxicity to lead in the rat: assessment in juveniles and adults. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 64: 223-240. Bunn, T. L.; Ladics, G. S.; Holsapple, M. P.; Dietert, R. R. (2001b) Developmental immunotoxicology assessment in the rat: age, gender and strain comparisons after exposure to Pb. Toxicol. Methods 11: 41-58. Bunn, T. L.; Parsons, P. J.; Kao, E.; Dietert, R. R. (2001c) Exposure to lead during critical windows of embryonic development: differential immunotoxic outcome based on stage of exposure and gender. Toxicol. Sci. 64: 57-66. Burden, V. M.; Sandheinrich, M. B.; Caldwell, C. A. (1998) Effects of lead on the growth and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Environ. Pollut. 101: 285-289. Burkey, R. T.; Nation, J. R. (1994) Brain stimulation reward following chronic lead exposure in rats. Behav. Neurosci. 108: 532-536. Burright, R. G.; Engellenner, W. J.; Donovick, P. J. (1989) Postpartum aggression and plasma prolactin levels in mice exposed to lead. Physiol. Behav. 46: 889-893. Burstein, H. J.; Tepper, R. I.; Leder, P.; Abbas, A. K. (1991) Humoral immune functions in IL-4 transgenic mice. J. Immunol. 147: 2950-2956. Cai, M. Y.; Arenaz, P. (1998) Antimutagenic effect of crown ethers on heavy metal-induced sister chromatid exchanges. Mutagenesis 13: 27-32. Calabrese, E. J.; Baldwin, L. A. (1992) Lead-induced cell proliferation and organ-specific tumorigenicity. Drug Metab. Rev. 24: 409-416. Calabrese, E. J.; Baldwin, L. A.; Leonard, D. A.; Zhao, X. Q. (1995) Decrease in hepatotoxicity by lead exposure is not explained by its mitogenic response. J. Appl. Toxicol. 15: 129-132. Calderón-Salinas, J. V.; Quintanar-Escorza, M. A.; Hernández-Luna, C. E.; González-Martínez, M. T. (1999a) Effect of lead on the calcium transport in human erythrocyte. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 18: 146-153. Calderón-Salinas, J. V.; Quintanar-Escorcia, M. A.; González-Martínez, M. T.; Hernández-Luna, C. E. (1999b) Lead and calcium transport in human erythrocyte. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 18: 327-332. Camoratto, A. M.; White, L. M.; Lau, Y.-S.; Ware, G. O.; Berry, W. D.; Moriarty, C. M. (1993) Effect of exposure to low level lead on growth and growth hormone release in rats. Toxicology 83: 101-114. Carballido, J. M.; Schols, D.; Namikawa, R.; Zurawski, S.; Zurawski, Z.; Roncarolo, M. G.; de Vries, J. E. (1995) IL-4 induces human B cell maturation and IgE synthesis in SCID-hu mice. Inhibition of ongoing IgE production by in vivo treatment with an IL-4/IL-13 receptor antagonist. J. Immunol. 155: 4162-4170. Cardenas, A.; Roels, H.; Bernard, A. M.; Barbon, R.; Buchet, J. P.; Lauwerys, R. R.; Rosello, J.; Ramis, I.; Mutti, A.; Franchini, I.; Fels, L. M.; Stolte, H.; De Broe, M. E.; Nuyts, G. D.; Taylor, S. A.; Price, R. G. (1993) Markers of early renal changes induced by industrial pollutants. II. Application to workers exposed to lead. Br. J. Ind. Med. 50: 28-36. Cardinale, F.; de Benedictis, F. M.; Muggeo, V.; Giordana, P.; Loffredo, M. S.; Iacoviello, G.; Armenio, L. (2005) Exhaled nitric oxide, total serum IgE and allergic sensitization in childhood asthma and allergic rhinitis. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 16: 236-242. Carey, J. B.; Allshire, A.; Van Pelt, F. N. (2006) Immune modulation by cadmium and lead in the acute reporter antigen-popliteal lymph node assay. Toxicol. Sci. 91: 113-122. Carmignani, M.; Boscolo, P.; Poma, A.; Volpe, A. R. (1999) Kininergic system and arterial hypertension following chronic exposure to inorganic lead. Immunopharmacology 44: 105-110. Carmignani, M.; Volpe, A. R.; Boscolo, P.; Qiao, N.; Gioacchino, M. Di; Grilli, A.; Felaco, M. (2000) Catcholamine and nitric oxide systems as targets of chronic lead exposure in inducing selective functional impairment. Life Sci. 68: 401-415. Carsia, R. V.; Forman, D.; Hock, C. E.; Nagele, R. G.; McIlroy, P. J. (1995) Lead alters growth and reduces angiotensin II receptor density of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 210: 180-190. AX5-194
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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
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Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
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Authors, Contributors, and Reviewer
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
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Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
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Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
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BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
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CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
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EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
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GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
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KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
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NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
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Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
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RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
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TGF transforming growth factor TH t
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AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
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AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
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AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
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AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
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AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
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AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
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AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
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AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
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AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
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Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
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Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
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Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
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Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
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Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
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Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
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Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
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Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
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Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
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CCE Coordination Center for Effects
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DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
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FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
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H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
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MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
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NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
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PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
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AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
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AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
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AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
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AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
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AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
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AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
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AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
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AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
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AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
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AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
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AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
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AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
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AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
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AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
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AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
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AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
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AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
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AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
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AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
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AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
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AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
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AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
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AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
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AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
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AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
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AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
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AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
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AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
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AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
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AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
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AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
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AX5-108 Table AX5-6.19 (cont’d).
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AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
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AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
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AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
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AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
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AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
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AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
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AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
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AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
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AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
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AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
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AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
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Page 283 and 284: AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
Page 285 and 286: AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
Page 287 and 288: ANNEX TABLES AX5-9 AX5-146
Page 289 and 290: AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
Page 291 and 292: AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
Page 293 and 294: AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
Page 295 and 296: AX5-154 Table AX5-9.5 (cont’d). E
Page 299 and 300: AX5-158 Table AX5-10.1 (cont’d).
Page 303 and 304: AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
Page 307 and 308: AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
Page 321 and 322: AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
Page 325 and 326: AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
Page 329 and 330: AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
Page 331 and 332: REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
Page 333: Bataineh, H.; Al-Hamood, M. H.; Elb
Page 337 and 338: Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
Page 339 and 340: Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
Page 341 and 342: children's health: immune and respi
Page 343 and 344: Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
Page 345 and 346: Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal ca
Page 347 and 348: Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
Page 349 and 350: Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
Page 351 and 352: Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
Page 353 and 354: Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldst
Page 355 and 356: Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
Page 357 and 358: Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
Page 359 and 360: Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
Page 361 and 362: O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
Page 363 and 364: Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
Page 365 and 366: Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
Page 367 and 368: Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
Page 369 and 370: Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
Page 371 and 372: Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
Page 373 and 374: Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
Page 375 and 376: Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
Page 377 and 378: Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
Page 379 and 380: Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
Page 381 and 382: The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
Page 383 and 384: Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
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List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
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ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
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CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
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DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
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FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
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HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
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NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
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ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
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AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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Page 427 and 428:
AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
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AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
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AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
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AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
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AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
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AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
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AX6-50 Table AX6-3.4 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-56 Table AX6-3.6. Evoked Potent
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AX6-58 Table AX6-3.6 (cont’d). Ev
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AX6-60 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-62 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-64 Table AX6-3.8 (cont’d). Oc
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AX6-66 Table AX6-3.9. Other Neurolo
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AX6-68 Table AX6-3.9 (cont’d). Ot
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AX6-70 Table AX6-4.1. Renal Effects
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AX6-72 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-104 Table AX6-4.3. Renal Effect
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AX6-130 Table AX6-5.1. Effects of L
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AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
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AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
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AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
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AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
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AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
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AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
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AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
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AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
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AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
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AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
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AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
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REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
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Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
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Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stew
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Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
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David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
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Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
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Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
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Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
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Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
Page 695 and 696:
Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
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Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
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Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
Page 701 and 702:
Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
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Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
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Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
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Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
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Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
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Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
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Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; R
Page 715 and 716:
October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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drafts of document materials were r
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Table of Contents PREFACE..........
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Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
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List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
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Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Page 735 and 736:
Page 737 and 738:
Page 739 and 740:
ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
Page 741 and 742:
CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
Page 743 and 744:
DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
Page 745 and 746:
FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
Page 747 and 748:
HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
Page 751 and 752:
NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
Page 753 and 754:
ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
Page 755 and 756:
Page 757 and 758:
Page 759 and 760:
Pb is ideally suited for this task.
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Concept For a given metal or metall
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(1979) observed that “the smaller
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Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
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• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
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Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
Page 771 and 772:
diffraction lines and comparing the
Page 773 and 774:
The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
Page 775 and 776:
techniques can be useful in a study
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have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
Page 779 and 780:
to 15 years after biosolid applicat
Page 781 and 782:
thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
Page 783 and 784:
completely extract targeted phases.
Page 785 and 786:
epresents Eb. The precise energy re
Page 787 and 788:
1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
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T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
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floor) time-series data to evaluate
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contributions of dry deposition may
Page 795 and 796:
Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
Page 797 and 798:
thought to enter the plant via the
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soil was not allowed to equilibrate
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Lead concentrations in various tiss
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that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
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plasma levels of uric acid and crea
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effective use of glutathione metabo
Page 809 and 810:
and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
Page 811 and 812:
other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
Page 813 and 814:
Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
Page 815 and 816:
organism responses to Pb. Section A
Page 817 and 818:
Primary Producers Commonly reported
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solution and minimal translocation
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AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
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AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
Page 825 and 826:
AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
Page 827 and 828:
Very little research has been done
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AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
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AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
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AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
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A literature search and review was
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Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
Page 843 and 844:
The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
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Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
Page 847 and 848:
Since the movement and fate of Pb i
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Land Use and Industry Changes in la
Page 851 and 852:
lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
Page 853 and 854:
zinc; had very low pH; and were det
Page 855 and 856:
Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
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iomass carbon. Because of this link
Page 859 and 860:
in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
Page 861 and 862:
the forested Lehstenbach catchment
Page 863 and 864:
there is little evidence that Pb ac
Page 865 and 866:
ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
Page 867 and 868:
To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
Page 869 and 870:
for the binding of free-metal ion a
Page 871 and 872:
partition in sediment between acid-
Page 873 and 874:
AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
Page 875 and 876:
varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
Page 877 and 878:
Organic compounds in surface waters
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solution phase, complexation with c
Page 881 and 882:
The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
Page 883 and 884:
Lead Distributions Generated from t
Page 885 and 886:
AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
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AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
Page 889 and 890:
AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
Page 891 and 892:
Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
Page 893 and 894:
Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
Page 895 and 896:
Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
Page 897 and 898:
AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
Page 899 and 900:
calculations indicate that only a s
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from municipal sewage, storm runoff
Page 903 and 904:
AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mo
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aquatic plants and insects and on t
Page 907 and 908:
designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
Page 909 and 910:
sequestering to organ tissues). The
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AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
Page 913 and 914:
Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
Page 915 and 916:
1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
Page 917 and 918:
Studies have identified ALAD in fis
Page 919 and 920:
metals over nonessential metals. Th
Page 921 and 922:
In summary, relationships between a
Page 923 and 924:
potential toxic effects in other or
Page 925 and 926:
esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
Page 927 and 928:
carbon sources (including glucose),
Page 929 and 930:
separate concentration-effects mode
Page 931 and 932:
1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
Page 933 and 934:
Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
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observed in Selenastrum capricornut
Page 937 and 938:
Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
Page 939 and 940:
1997). The most sensitive primary p
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Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
Page 943 and 944:
AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
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concentrations of
Page 947 and 948:
AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
Page 949 and 950:
AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
Page 951 and 952:
studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
Page 953 and 954:
However, in other cases multivariat
Page 955 and 956:
species was observed. Similar, sign
Page 957 and 958:
AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
Page 961 and 962:
variables, it does not imply causat
Page 963 and 964:
Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
Page 965 and 966:
metal levels. Furthermore, although
Page 967 and 968:
environment through bioaccumulation
Page 969 and 970:
Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
Page 971 and 972:
Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
Page 975 and 976:
Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
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Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
Page 979 and 980:
Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
Page 981 and 982:
Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
Page 983 and 984:
Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
Page 987 and 988:
Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
Page 989 and 990:
Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
Page 993 and 994:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto
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