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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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NCEA acknowledges the valuable cont
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Table of Contents Page PREFACE ....
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Authors, Contributors, and Reviewer
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Contributors and Reviewers (cont’
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Executive Direction U.S. Environmen
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Chair U.S. Environmental Protection
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Abbreviations and Acronyms αFGF α
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BLL blood lead level BLM biotic lig
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CRI chronic renal insufficiency CSF
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EPT macroinvertebrates from the Eph
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GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
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KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for
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NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleot
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Pb(Ac)2 lead acetate PbB blood lead
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RR RT RSEM RSUC RT ∑SEM SA7 SAB S
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TGF transforming growth factor TH t
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AX4. CHAPTER 4 ANNEX ANNEX TABLES A
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AX4-3 Table AX4-1 (cont’d). Analy
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AX4-5 Table AX4-2 (cont’d). Summa
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AX4-7 Table AX4-3. Bone Lead Measur
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AX4-9 Reference, Study Location, an
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AX4-11 Table AX4-4 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-13 Table AX4-5 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-15 Table AX4-5 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-17 Table AX4-5 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-19 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-21 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-23 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-25 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-27 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-29 Reference, Study Location, a
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AX4-31 Table AX4-8 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-33 Table AX4-8 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-35 Table AX4-8 (cont’d). Bone
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AX4-37 Table AX4-9 (cont’d). Lead
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AX4-39 Table AX4-11. Summary of Sel
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AX4-41 Table AX4-11 (cont’d). Sum
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AX-43 Table AX4-12 (cont’d). Summ
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Barltrop, D.; Meek, F. (1979) Effec
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Carroll, R. J.; Galindo, C. D. (199
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Flegal, A. R.; Smith, D. R. (1995)
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Gulson, B.; Mizon, K.; Smith, H.; E
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Khoury, G. A.; Diamond, G. L. (2003
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Morgan, W. D.; Ryde, S. J.; Jones,
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Pounds, J. G.; Leggett, R. W. (1998
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Skerfving, S. (1988) Biological mon
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
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AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement,
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables AX4-1 Analytical Met
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-6.3 G
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX5-9.3 S
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Principal Authors (cont’d) Author
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AP a
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CCE Coordination Center for Effects
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DR drinking water DSA delayed spati
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FTII Fagan Test of Infant Intellige
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H3PO4 phosphoric acid HPRT hypoxant
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MATC maximum acceptable threshold c
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NOS nitric oxide synthase; not othe
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PPVT-R Peabody Picture Vocabulary T
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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AX5-2 Table AX5-2.1. Effect of Lead
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AX5-4 Table AX5-2.1 (cont’d). Eff
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AX5-6 Table AX5-2.2. Lead, Erythroc
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AX5-8 Table AX5-2.2 (cont’d). Lea
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AX5-10 Table AX5-2.4. Lead Effects
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AX5-12 Table AX5-2.5. Lead Interact
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AX5-14 Table AX5-2.7. Lead, Erythro
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AX5-16 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-18 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-20 Subject Exposure Protocol Ra
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AX5-22 Subject Rat, female, 22 wks
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AX5-24 Subject Rat, F344, male Expo
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AX5-26 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-28 Subject Rat, SD, male, PND 6
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AX5-30 Subject Monkey, cynomolgus,
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AX5-32 Subject Exposure Protocol Ta
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AX5-34 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-36 Table AX5-3.6 (cont’d). Ke
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AX5-38 Citation Al-Hakkak et al. (1
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AX5-40 Citation Fox et al. (1997)
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AX5-42 Citation Pinon- Lataillade e
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AX5-44 Citation Wiebe et al. (1998)
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AX5-46 Citation Chowdhuri et al. (2
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AX5-48 Citation Graca et al. (2004)
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AX5-50 Citation Marchlewicz et al.
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AX5-52 Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Ef
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AX5-54 Citation Sokol et al. (1985)
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AX5-56 Citation Table AX5-4.3 (cont
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AX5-58 Citation Priya et al. (2004)
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ANNEX TABLES AX5-5 AX5-60
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AX5-62 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-64 Table AX5-5.1 (cont’d). In
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AX5-66 Reference Watts et al. (1995
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AX5-68 Reference Lai et al. (2002)
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AX5-70 Reference Shelkovnikov and G
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AX5-72 Reference Fujiwara and Kaji
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AX5-74 Reference Fugiwara et al. (1
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AX5-76 Table AX5-6.1. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-78 Table AX5-6.2. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-80 Table AX5-6.3 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-82 Table AX5-6.4 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-84 Table AX5-6.4 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-86 Compound Table AX5-6.6. Geno
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AX5-88 Compound Table AX5-6.7. Geno
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AX5-90 Table AX5-6.8. Genotoxic/Car
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AX5-92 Compound Table AX5-6.9. Geno
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AX5-94 Table AX5-6.9 (cont’d). Ge
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AX5-96 Table AX5-6.10 (cont’d). G
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AX5-98 Table AX5-6.12. Genotoxic/Ca
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AX5-100 Table AX5-6.14. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-102 Compound Table AX5-6.16. Ge
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AX5-104 Table AX5-6.18. Genotoxic/C
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AX5-106 Table AX5-6.18 (cont’d).
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AX5-108 Table AX5-6.19 (cont’d).
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AX5-110 Compound Assay (Concentrati
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AX5-112 Table AX5-7.1. Light Micros
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AX5-114 Table AX5-7.2. Lead and Fre
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AX5-116 Table AX5-7.2 (cont’d). L
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AX5-118 Table AX5-7.4. Effect of Ch
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AX5-120 Table AX5-7.5 (cont’d). E
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AX5-122 Table AX5-8.1. Bone Growth
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AX5-124 Table AX5-8.1 (cont’d). B
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AX5-126 Table AX5-8.2. Regulation o
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AX5-128 Table AX5-8.2 (cont’d). R
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AX5-130 Table AX5-8.3 (cont’d). B
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AX5-132 Table AX5-8.3 (cont’d). B
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AX5-134 Table AX5-8.3 (cont’d). B
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AX5-136 Table AX5-8.4. Bone Lead as
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AX5-138 Table AX5-8.4 (cont’d). B
- Page 281 and 282: AX5-140 Table AX5-8.4 (cont’d). B
- Page 283 and 284: AX5-142 Table AX5-8.5. Uptake of Le
- Page 285 and 286: AX5-144 Table AX5-8.7. Effects of L
- Page 287 and 288: ANNEX TABLES AX5-9 AX5-146
- Page 289 and 290: AX5-148 Nature of Exposure Table AX
- Page 291 and 292: AX5-150 Table AX5-9.2. Effect of Le
- Page 293 and 294: AX5-152 Species Strain/Gender Age M
- Page 295 and 296: AX5-154 Table AX5-9.5 (cont’d). E
- Page 297 and 298: ANNEX TABLES AX5-10 AX5-156
- Page 299 and 300: AX5-158 Table AX5-10.1 (cont’d).
- Page 301 and 302: AX5-160 Table AX5-10.1 (cont’d).
- Page 303 and 304: AX5-162 Table AX5-10.2. Biochemical
- Page 305 and 306: AX5-164 Table AX5-10.2 (cont’d).
- Page 307 and 308: AX5-166 Table AX5-10.4. Lead, Oxida
- Page 309 and 310: AX5-168 Table AX5-10.4 (cont’d).
- Page 311 and 312: AX5-170 Table AX5-10.4 (cont’d).
- Page 313 and 314: AX5-172 Table AX5-10.5 (cont’d).
- Page 315 and 316: AX5-174 Table AX5-10.5 (cont’d).
- Page 317 and 318: AX5-176 Table AX5-10.5 (cont’d).
- Page 319 and 320: AX5-178 Table AX5-10.6 (cont’d).
- Page 321 and 322: AX5-180 Table AX5-10.7. Lead and In
- Page 323 and 324: AX5-182 Table AX5-10.8 (cont’d).
- Page 325 and 326: AX5-184 Table AX5-10.9. Lead, Calci
- Page 327 and 328: ANNEX TABLES AX5-11 AX5-186
- Page 329 and 330: AX5-188 Source Organ Species Table
- Page 331: REFERENCES Abdollahi, M.; Dehpour,
- Page 335 and 336: Buchet, J.-P.; Roels, H. E.; Huberm
- Page 337 and 338: Cline, H. T.; Witte, S.; Jones, K.
- Page 339 and 340: Cory-Slechta, D. A.; McCoy, L.; Ric
- Page 341 and 342: children's health: immune and respi
- Page 343 and 344: Ferguson, C.; Kern, M.; Audesirk, G
- Page 345 and 346: Fullmer, C. S. (1991) Intestinal ca
- Page 347 and 348: Goyer, R. A.; Leonard, D. L.; Moore
- Page 349 and 350: Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.;
- Page 351 and 352: Jacquet, P.; Leonard, A.; Gerber, G
- Page 353 and 354: Kim, K. A.; Chakraborti, T.; Goldst
- Page 355 and 356: Laughlin, N. K.; Bowman, R. E.; Fra
- Page 357 and 358: Maldonado-Vega, M.; Cerbón-Solórz
- Page 359 and 360: Moorman, W. J.; Skaggs, S. R.; Clar
- Page 361 and 362: O'Flaherty, E. J.; Inskip, M. J.; F
- Page 363 and 364: Price, R. G.; Taylor, S. A.; Chiver
- Page 365 and 366: Rodamilans, M.; Mtz.-Osaba, M. J.;
- Page 367 and 368: Schlipkoter, H.-W.; Frieler, L. (19
- Page 369 and 370: Skoczyńska, A.; Smolik, R.; Jeleń
- Page 371 and 372: Tavakoli-Nezhad, M.; Pitts, D. K. (
- Page 373 and 374: Valentino, M.; Governa, M.; Marchis
- Page 375 and 376: Wetmur, J. G.; Lehnert, G.; Desnick
- Page 377 and 378: Zhou, J.; Xu, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-F. (
- Page 379 and 380: Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volum
- Page 381 and 382: The purpose of this revised Lead AQ
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Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Seco
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List of Tables Number Page AX6-2.1
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List of Tables (cont’d) Number Pa
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
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CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
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DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
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FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
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HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
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NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
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ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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ANNEX TABLES AX6-2 AX6-2
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AX6-4 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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AX6-6 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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AX6-8 Table AX6-2.1 (cont’d). Pro
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AX6-10 Table AX6-2.2 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-12 Table AX6-2.3 (cont’d). Cr
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AX6-14 Table AX6-2.4. Effects of Le
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AX6-16 Table AX6-2.4 (cont’d). Ef
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AX6-18 Table AX6-2.5 (cont’d). Ef
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AX6-20 Table AX6-2.6 (cont’d). Ef
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AX6-22 Table AX6-2.6 (cont’d). Ef
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AX6-24 Table AX6-2.8. Effects of Le
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AX6-26 Table AX6-2.9 (cont’d). Ef
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AX6-28 Table AX6-2.10 (cont’d). R
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AX6-30 Table AX6-3.1. Neurobehavior
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AX6-32 Table AX6-3.1 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-34 Table AX6-3.2 (cont’d). Sy
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AX6-36 Table AX6-3.3. Neurobehavior
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AX6-38 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-40 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-42 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-44 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-46 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-48 Table AX6-3.3 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-50 Table AX6-3.4 (cont’d). Me
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AX6-52 Table AX6-3.5 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-54 Table AX6-3.5 (cont’d). Ne
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AX6-56 Table AX6-3.6. Evoked Potent
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AX6-58 Table AX6-3.6 (cont’d). Ev
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AX6-60 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-62 Table AX6-3.7 (cont’d). Po
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AX6-64 Table AX6-3.8 (cont’d). Oc
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AX6-66 Table AX6-3.9. Other Neurolo
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AX6-68 Table AX6-3.9 (cont’d). Ot
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AX6-70 Table AX6-4.1. Renal Effects
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AX6-72 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-74 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-76 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-78 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-80 Table AX6-4.1 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-82 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-84 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-86 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-88 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-90 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-92 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-94 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-96 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-98 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). Re
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AX6-100 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). R
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AX6-102 Table AX6-4.2 (cont’d). R
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AX6-104 Table AX6-4.3. Renal Effect
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AX6-106 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
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AX6-108 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
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AX6-110 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
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AX6-112 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
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AX6-114 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
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AX6-116 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
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AX6-118 Table AX6-4.3 (cont’d). R
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AX6-120 Table AX6-4.4. Renal Effect
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AX6-122 Table AX6-4.5. Renal Effect
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AX6-124 Table AX6-4.5 (cont’d). R
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AX6-126 Table AX6-4.5 (cont’d). R
- Page 545 and 546:
AX6-128 Table AX6-4.5 (cont’d). R
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AX6-130 Table AX6-5.1. Effects of L
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AX6-132 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-134 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-136 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-138 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-140 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-142 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
- Page 561 and 562:
AX6-144 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-146 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-148 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-150 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-152 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-154 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-156 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-158 Table AX6-5.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-160 Table AX6-5.2 (cont’d). E
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AX6-162 Table AX6-5.3. Effects of L
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AX6-164 Table AX6-5.3 (cont’d). E
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AX6-166 Table AX6-5.4. Cardiovascul
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ANNEX TABLES AX6-6 AX6-168
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AX6-170 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). P
- Page 589 and 590:
AX172 Table AX6-6.1 (cont’d). Pla
- Page 591 and 592:
AX6-174 Table AX6-6.2. Lead Exposur
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AX6-176 Table AX6-6.2 (cont’d). L
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AX6-178 Table AX6-6.3. Lead Exposur
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AX6-180 Table AX6-6.4. Lead Exposur
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ANNEX TABLES AX6-7 AX6-182
- Page 601 and 602:
AX6-184 Table AX6-7.1 (cont’d). R
- Page 603 and 604:
AX6-186 Table AX6-7.2. Key Occupati
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AX6-188 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
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AX6-190 Table AX6-7.2 (cont’d). K
- Page 609 and 610:
AX6-192 Table AX6-7.3. Key Studies
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AX6-194 Table AX6-7.4. Other Studie
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AX6-196 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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AX6-198 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
- Page 617 and 618:
AX6-200 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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AX6-202 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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AX6-204 Table AX6-7.4 (cont’d). O
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ANNEX TABLES AX6-8 AX6-206
- Page 625 and 626:
AX6-208 Table AX6-8.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-210 Table AX6-8.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-212 Table AX6-8.2 (cont’d). E
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AX6-214 Table AX6-8.2 (cont’d). E
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AX6-216 Table AX6-8.2 (cont’d). E
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AX6-218 Table AX6-8.2 (cont’d). E
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ANNEX TABLES AX6-9 AX6-220
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AX6-222 Table AX6-9.1 (cont’d). E
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AX6-224 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
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AX6-226 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
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AX6-228 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
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AX6-230 Table 6-9.2 (cont’d). Eff
- Page 649 and 650:
AX6-232 Table AX6-9.3 (cont’d.).
- Page 651 and 652:
AX6-234 Table AX6-9.4. Effects of L
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AX6-236 Table AX6-9.4 (cont’d). E
- Page 655 and 656:
AX6-238 Table AX6-9.4 (cont’d). E
- Page 657 and 658:
AX6-240 Table AX6-9.4 (cont’d). E
- Page 659 and 660:
AX6-242 Table AX6-9.5 (cont’d). E
- Page 661 and 662:
AX6-244 Table AX6-9.6 (cont’d). E
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AX6-246 Table AX6-9.6 (cont’d). E
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AX6-248 Table AX6-9.6 (cont’d). E
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AX6-250 Table AX6-9.6 (cont’d). E
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AX6-252 Table AX6-9.7 (cont’d). E
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AX6-254 Table AX6-9.8 (cont’d). E
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AX6-256 Table AX6-9.9 (cont’d). E
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AX6-258 Table AX6-9.10. Effects of
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REFERENCES Abbate, C.; Buceti, R.;
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Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.;
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Bolla, K. I.; Schwartz, B. S.; Stew
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Chia, K. S.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Tan, C
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David, O. J.; Clark, J.; Hoffman, S
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Englyst, V.; Lundstrom, N. G.; Gerh
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Gennart, J. P.; Bernard, A.; Lauwer
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Haraguchi, T.; Ishizu, H.; Takehisa
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Jemal, A.; Graubard, B. I.; Devesa,
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Lanphear, B. P.; Howard, C.; Eberly
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Lundström, N.-G.; Nordberg, G.; En
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Muntner, P.; He, J.; Vupputuri, S.;
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Paksy, K.; Gáti, I.; Náray, M.; R
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Rhainds, M.; Levallois, P.; Dewaill
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Sargent, J. D.; Dalton, M. A.; O'Co
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Sheffet, A.; Thind, I.; Miller, A.
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Stevens, L. A.; Levey, A. S. (2005b
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Van Larebeke, N.; Koppen, G.; Nelen
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Winker, R.; Ponocny-Seliger, E.; R
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October 2006 EPA/600/R-05/144bF Air
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PREFACE National Ambient Air Qualit
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drafts of document materials were r
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Table of Contents PREFACE..........
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Table of Contents (cont’d) II-ix
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List of Tables (cont’d) AX7-2.3.1
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List of Figures (cont’d) Number P
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principal Authors Authors, Contribu
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Principle Authors (cont’d) Author
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Technical Support Staff U.S. Enviro
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Members (cont’d) U.S. Environment
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ANOVA analysis of variance ANP atri
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CCD charge-coupled device CCE Coord
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DPPD N-N-diphenyl-p-phynylene-diami
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FTES free testosterone FTII Fagan T
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HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatog
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MAO monoamine oxidase MATC maximum
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NORs nucleolar organizing regions N
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ppm parts per million PPVT-R Peabod
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SOPR sperm-oocyte penetration rate
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vit C vitamin C vit E vitamin E VMA
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Pb is ideally suited for this task.
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Concept For a given metal or metall
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(1979) observed that “the smaller
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Figure AX7-1.1.3. Illustration of p
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• Colorimetric • Electrochemica
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Figure AX7-1.1.5. Bulk lead versus
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diffraction lines and comparing the
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The major disadvantage of SIMS to s
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techniques can be useful in a study
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have included phosphoric acid (H3PO
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to 15 years after biosolid applicat
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thin films (DGT), and ICP technique
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completely extract targeted phases.
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epresents Eb. The precise energy re
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1974; Ruby et al., 1994). However,
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T1/2 = 14 × 10 9 year). The result
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floor) time-series data to evaluate
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contributions of dry deposition may
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Compared to their estimated 20th-ce
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thought to enter the plant via the
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soil was not allowed to equilibrate
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Lead concentrations in various tiss
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that the nematode may detoxify Pb v
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plasma levels of uric acid and crea
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effective use of glutathione metabo
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and oats (Avena sativa) had signifi
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other metals is inconsistent (Påhl
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Speciation and Form of Lead Recent
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organism responses to Pb. Section A
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Primary Producers Commonly reported
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solution and minimal translocation
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AX7.1.3.3 Recent Studies on the Eff
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AX7-66 Avian Species Reproduction J
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AX7-68 Avian Species American kestr
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Very little research has been done
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AX7-72 Mammalian Species Reproducti
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AX7-74 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
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AX7-76 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
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AX7-78 Mammalian Species No. of Dos
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AX7-80 Mammalia n Species No. of Do
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A literature search and review was
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Table AX7-1.3.6. Invertebrate Toxic
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The effects of Pb-chloride on the p
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Ecological Soil Screening Levels (E
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Since the movement and fate of Pb i
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Land Use and Industry Changes in la
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lakes in the United Kingdom the dis
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zinc; had very low pH; and were det
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Sites Affected by Long-Range Lead T
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iomass carbon. Because of this link
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in an oak woodland site 3 km from a
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the forested Lehstenbach catchment
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there is little evidence that Pb ac
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ecosystems. Just as in the terrestr
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To develop chronic AWQC, acceptable
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for the binding of free-metal ion a
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partition in sediment between acid-
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AX7.2.1.5 Metal Mixtures As discuss
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varies from 4:1 in rural streams to
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Organic compounds in surface waters
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solution phase, complexation with c
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The NAWQA dataset was chosen over o
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Lead Distributions Generated from t
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AX7-128 Figure AX7-2.2.3. Spatial d
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AX7-130 Figure AX7-2.2.5. Spatial d
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AX7-132 ` Figure AX7-2.2.7. Spatial
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Figure AX7-2.2.8. Frequency distrib
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Table AX7-2.2.4. Summary Statistics
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Table AX7-2.2.5. Comparison of NCBP
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AX7-140 Figure AX7-2.2.13. Spatial
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calculations indicate that only a s
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from municipal sewage, storm runoff
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AX7.2.3 Aquatic Species Response/Mo
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aquatic plants and insects and on t
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designed to model uptake, MINTEQ pr
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sequestering to organ tissues). The
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AbdAllah and Moustafa (2002) studie
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Summary of Detoxifiction Processes
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1.1 µg/L Cd, 12 µg/L Cu, 55 µg/L
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Studies have identified ALAD in fis
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metals over nonessential metals. Th
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In summary, relationships between a
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potential toxic effects in other or
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esulted in 91.7% survival (Horne an
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carbon sources (including glucose),
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separate concentration-effects mode
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1994. mSQGQs are useful to risk ass
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Algae The 1986 Lead AQCD (U.S. Envi
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observed in Selenastrum capricornut
- Page 937 and 938:
Nitrate uptake reported after 48, 7
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1997). The most sensitive primary p
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Freshwater Invertebrates Acute and
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AX7-186 Amphipod (Hyalella azteca)
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concentrations of
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AX7-190 Freshwater Species Chemical
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AX7-192 Species Chemical Frogs (Ran
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studied using Spirodela polyrhiza,
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However, in other cases multivariat
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species was observed. Similar, sign
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AX7-200 Table AX7-2.5.2. Essential
- Page 959 and 960:
AX7-202 Table AX7-2.5.2 (cont’d).
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variables, it does not imply causat
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Poulton et al. (1995), the effects
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metal levels. Furthermore, although
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environment through bioaccumulation
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Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Colu
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Black, M. C.; Ferrell, J. R.; Horni
- Page 973 and 974:
Clements, W. H. (1994) Benthic inve
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Ekenler, M.; Tabatabai, M. (2002) E
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Getz, L. L.; Haney, A. W.; Larimore
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Houlton, B. Z.; Driscoll, C. T.; Fa
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Krüger, F.; Gröngröft, A. (2003)
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Manceau, A.; Lanson, B.; Schlegel,
- Page 985 and 986:
Niyogi, S.; Wood, C. M. (2003) Effe
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Rand, G. M.; Wells, P. G.; McCarty,
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Scherer, E.; McNicol, R. E. (1998)
- Page 991 and 992:
Sturges, W. T.; Barrie, L. A. (1987
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Zenk, M. H. (1996) Heavy metal deto