Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-110
Compound
Assay (Concentration and
Exposure Time)
Pb acetate Production of reactive oxygen
species (1 mM for 180 min)
Glutathione levels
(1 mM for 0–180 min)
Pb acetate Catalase Activity
(500–2,000 µM for 24 h)
Pb acetate Thiol Levels
(100 µM for 30 min–4 h)
Pb chloride Oxidative Metabolism
(0.1–100 µM for 20 h)
Phagocytosis (0.1–100 µM for
20 h)
Pb chloride Oxidative Enzyme Levels
(0.1–1 µM for 1 h)
Table AX5-6.20. Genotoxic/Carcinogenic Effects of Lead—Mitogenesis Other
Cell Type and
Culture Medium Co-exposure Effects Reference
SH-SY5Y—Human
neuroblastoma cells in
DMEM + 7% FCS
Human Foreskin
Fibroblasts (Chinese) in
DMEM +10% FCS
HeLa in HEPES/glucose
buffer
Macrophages from NMRI
mice in EMEM (serum
not given)
AS52-CHO-gpt, lack hprt
in HBSS followed by
Ham’s F12 + 5% FBS
Glutamate (1 mM)
or PKC inhibitor
(1 µM)
3-aminotriazole
(3-AT) (80 mM to
inhibit catalase)
Buthionine
sulfoximine
(BSO) to deplete
cells of thiols
Zymosan and
latex particles as
substrates for
phagocytosis
Allopurinol
(50 µM) to inhibit
xanthine oxidase
Abbreviations
AS52 are derived from CHO;
CHO are a Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line;
Medium and Components
DMEM—Dulbecco’s Minimal Essential Medium;
EMEM—Eagle’s Minimal Essential Medium;
HBSS—Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution
FBS—Fetal Bovine Serum
FCS—Fetal Calf Serum
Differences between the serum types are unclear as insufficient details are provided by authors to distinguish.
Pb acetate alone did not produce reactive oxygen species. Glutamate
alone did.
Pb acetate plus glutamate increase glutamate induced increases in
reactive oxygen species.
Pb acetate alone did not deplete glutathione. Glutamate alone did.
Pb acetate plus glutamate decreased glumate-induced decrease in
glutathione.
Naarala et al.
(1995)
Pb acetate had no effect on catalase activity. Hwua and
Yang (1998)
Pb acetate only lowered thiols marginally Snyder and
Lachmann
(1989)
Pb inhibited oxidative metabolism.
Pb inhibited phagocytosis, but only significantly at the highest dose.
Pb chloride at low concentrations produced H2O2 at 1 h and not at
24 h. Pb chloride at high concentrations produced no change at 1 h
and increased H2O2 at 24 h. Allopurinol inhibited H2O2 formation at
high Pb concentrations.
Pb chloride had no effect on catalase, glutathione peroxidase,
glutathione reductase. Pb chloride inhibited glutathione-Stransferase,
CuZn-superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase.
Hilbertz et al.
(1986)
Ariza et al.
(1998)