Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-108
Table AX5-6.19 (cont’d). Genotoxic/Carcinogenic Effects of Lead—Mitogenesis Human and Animal Cell Culture Studies
Compound
Assay (Concentration and
Exposure Time)
Pb acetate Expression of TNF-alpha
(0.1–10 µM for 24 h)
Pb chloride Cell proliferation
(10 µM–1mM for 24–48 h)
Pb oxide Cell proliferation
(10 µM–1mM for 24 h–7 days)
Pb sulfate Cell proliferation
(10 µM–1mM for 24–48 h)
Pb chromate Apoptosis (350 µM for 24 h)
Cell Type and
Culture Medium Co-exposure Effects Reference
U-373MG—human
glioma cell line in
DMEM + 20% FBS
REL cells—Rat Epithelial
cells in Ham’s F10
medium + 10% FBS
REL cells—Rat Epithelial
cells in Ham’s F10
medium + 10% FBS
REL cells—Rat Epithelial
cells in Ham’s F10
medium + 10% FBS
Chinese Hamster Ovary
AA8 cells in AMEM +
10% FBS
Pb chromate Apoptosis (0.4–2 µg/cm 2 for 24 h) Primary Human Small
Airway Cells in Clonetics
growth medium
Pb chromate Growth Curve (0.5–5 µg/cm 2 24 h) WTHBF-6—human lung
cells with hTERT in
DMEM/F12 + 10% CCS
Pb glutamate Growth Curve
(250–1,000 µM for 24 h)
Pb glutamate Mitotic Index
(250–2,000 µM for 24 h)
Growth Curve
(250–2,000 µM for 24 h)
Cell cycle Analysis
(250–2,000 µM for 24 h)
WTHBF-6—human lung
cells with hTERT in
DMEM/F12 + 10% CCS
WTHBF-6—human lung
cells with hTERT in
DMEM/F12 + 10% CCS
None Pb acetate did not induce apoptosis.
Pb acetate increased the expression of TNF-alpha in a dosedependent
manner.
TNF-alpha was not involved in Pb-induced apoptosis.
None Pb chloride inhibited cell growth at all concentrations for
24–48 h.
Pb chloride did not affect gap junction capacity, which is
often inhibited by tumor promoters.
None Pb oxide inhibited cell growth at all concentrations for
24 h–7 days.
Pb oxide did not affect gap junction capacity, which is often
inhibited by tumor promoters.
None Pb sulfate inhibited cell growth at all concentrations for 24–
48 h.
Pb sulfate did not affect gap junction capacity, which is
often inhibited by tumor promoters.
None Pb chromate induced apoptosis.
This study was focused on chromate.
None Pb chromate induced apoptosis in a concentrationdependent
manner.
Cheng et al.
(2002)
Apostoli et al.
(2000)
Apostoli et al.
(2000)
Apostoli et al.
(2000)
Blankenship
et al. (1997)
Singh et al.
(1999)
None Pb chromate inhibited cell growth. Holmes et al.
(2005)
None Pb glutamate had no effect on growth. Wise et al. (2005)
None Pb glutamate induced a concentration-dependent increase in
intracellular Pb ions.
Pb glutamate increased the mitotic index, but either had no
effect or inhibited growth and induced mitotic arrest.
Wise et al. (2005)