Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-90
Table AX5-6.8. Genotoxic/Carcinogenic Effects of Lead—Genotoxicity Animal Cell Cultures Mutagenicity
Compound Assay and Duration Cell Type Co-exposure Effects Reference
Pb acetate Cytotoxicity (1–25 µM for 24 h)
Mutagenesis—HPRT (0.5–5 µM for 44 h)
Pb acetate
—insoluble
precipitate at high
dose.
Cytotoxicity (0.5–2000 µM for 5 days)
Mutagenesis—gpt (0.5–1700 µM for 5 days)
Pb chloride Cytotoxicity (0.1–1 µM for 1 h)
Mutagenicity—gpt assay
(0.1–1 µM for 1 h)
Pb chloride Cytotoxicity (0.1–1 µM for 1 h)
Mutagenicity—gpt assay
(0.1–1 µM for 1 h)
Pb chloride Mutagenicity—gpt assay
(0.1–1 µM for 1 h)
PCR/Southern to analyze mutants for
sequence
Pb chromate Cytotoxicity (10–100 µM for 24 h)
HGPRT assay (10–100 µM for 24 h)
Pb chromate Mutagenicity as Sodium/potassium ATPase
(ouabain resistance) or 6-thioguanine
resistance (25–100 µM for 5 h)
V79 in AMEM + 10%
FBS
G12–CHV79 cells
with 1 copy gpt gene
in Ham’s F12 + 5%
FBS
AS52-CHO-gpt, lack
hprt in HBSS
followed by Ham’s
F12 + 5% FBS
AS52-CHO-gpt, lack
hprt in HBSS
followed by Ham’s
F12 + 5% FBS
AS52-CHO-gpt, lack
hprt in HBSS
followed by Ham’s
F12 + 5% FBS
V79 CHL–HPRT low
clone in MEM + 10%
FCS
C3H10T1/2 cells in
EMEM + 10% FBS
None
See also
Table AX5-6.16
See also Table
AX5-6.17
LC50 = 3 µM
Pb acetate alone was not mutagenic.
LC50 = 1700 µM
Pb acetate was mutagenic, but only at toxic
concentration (1700 µM) where precipitate formed
not at lower concentrations (500 or 1000 µM).
There were no statistical analyses of these data.
None LC74 = 1 µM (maximum concentration tested)
Allopurinol (50 µM)
to inhibit xanthine
oxidase
Pb chloride induced a dose-dependent increase in
the number of 6 thioguanine resistant mutants.
Did not adjust and compare as previous studies.
LC74 = 1 µM. Allopurinol had no effect on
cytotoxicity.
Pb chloride was mutagenic (0.8 and 1 µM).
Allopurinol reduced mutagenesis.
None Pb chloride (0.1–0.4 µM) caused mostly point
mutations. Higher concentrations (0.5–1 µM)
caused more deletions.
There were no statistical analyses of these data.
Usually examined fewer mutations than control.
NTA Mutagenesis was assessed with HGPRT assay. Pb
chromate was not mutagenic.
Co-exposure to NTA caused Pb chromate to
become mutagenic through increased solubilization.
This mutagenic effect was completely attributed to
the Cr(VI) ions.
Hartwig et al.
(1990)
Roy and Rossman
(1992)
Ariza et al. (1996)
Ariza et al. (1998)
Ariza and Williams
(1999)
Celotti et al. (1987)
None Pb chromate was not mutagenic. Patierno et al.
(1988) and Patierno
and Landolph
(1989) (both papers
present the same
data)