Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-88
Compound
Table AX5-6.7. Genotoxic/Carcinogenic Effects of Lead—Genotoxicity Human Cell Cultures DNA Damage
Assay (Concentration and
Exposure Time)
Pb acetate DNA strand breaks as nucleiod
sedimentation (500 µM for 20–
25 h)
Pb acetate DNA strand breaks as nucleoid
sedimentation assay (100 µM
for 30 min–4 h)
Pb chromate DNA adducts (0.4–0.8 µg/cm 2
for 24 h)
Pb chromate DNA double strand breaks
(0.1–5 µg/cm 2 for 24 h) by
Comet assay and H2A.X foci
formation
Pb acetate DNA strand breaks and DNA
protein crosslinks and oxidative
lesions by comet assay (1–
100 µM for 1 h)
Cell Type and
Culture Medium Co-exposure Effects Reference
HeLa Cells in AMEM
+ 5% FBS
HeLa Cells in
HEPES/
glucose buffer
Primary Human Small
Airway Cells in
Clonetics growth
medium
WTHBF-6—human
lung cells with
hTERT in
DMEM/F12 + 15%
CCS
Primary lymphocytes
in RPMI 1640 without
serum
None
See also Table
AX5-6.16
Buthionine
sulfoximine (BSO) to
deplete cells of thiols
Pb acetate alone did not induce single strand breaks. Hartwig et al.
(1990)
Pb acetate did not induce DNA strand breaks. Snyder and
Lachmann
(1989)
None Pb chromate induced Pb inclusion bodies and Cr-DNA adducts and
Pb-DNA adducts in a concentration-dependent manner.
None Pb chromate induced DNA double strand breaks in a concentration
dependent manner.
This study showed the damage was due to chromate and not Pb.
Vitamins A (10 µM),
C (10 µM), E
(25 µM), calcium
chloride (100 µM)
magnesium chloride
(100 µM) or zinc
chloride (100 µM)
Pb acetate induced an increase in DNA single strand breaks at 1 µM
that went down with increasing dose. The highest concentration was
significantly less than the damage in untreated controls. For double
strand breaks, all concentrations had more damage than the controls,
but there was less damage in the highest concentrations than the two
lower ones. Pb only induced a slight increase in the amount of DNAprotein
crosslinks at the highest concentration.
Co-exposure to magnesium had no effect. Co-exposure to vitamins A,
C, and E or zinc exacerbated the DNA single strand break effects at the
highest concentration. Co-exposure to calcium exacerbated the single
strand break effect at all concentrations.
Singh et al.
(1999)
Xie et al.
(2005)
Woźniak and
Blasiak (2003)