Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-83
Table AX5-6.4 (cont’d). Genotoxic/Carcinogenic Effects of Lead—Genotoxicity Laboratory Animal Studies.
Compound Dose and Duration Species Co-exposure Effects Reference
Pb nitrate 5 or 10 mg/kg given by
gavage for 24 h
6 animals per group.
Chromosome aberrations in
bone marrow
Pb nitrate 10, or 20 mg/kg given i.p.
48 h
12 animals per group.
Micronucleus formation in
bone marrow
Pb nitrate 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg given
i.p. 24 h
5 animals per group.
SCE in bone marrow
Pb nitrate 0.625–80 mg/kg given i.p.
for 12, 24 or 36 h
12 animals per group
Micronucleus formation in
bone marrow. 4000
erythorocytes scored per
animal
Pb nitrate 0.7–89.6 mg/kg given by
gavage for 24, 48, or 72 h,
or 1 or 2 wks
5 animals per group.
Cell viability by trypan blue
Single strand breaks in
white blood cells
Swiss Albino Mice,
7–8 wks old
Swiss Albino Mice,
6 wks old
Swiss Albino Mice,
6–8 wks old
Swiss Albino Mice,
6–8 wks old
Swiss Albino Mice,
4 wks old
Zirconium oxychloride
(110 or 220 mg/kg)
given by gavage for
24 h administered 2 h
before, 2 h after or
together with Pb nitrate
Phyllanthus fruit extract
(685 mg/kg) or ascorbic
acid (16.66 mg/kg)
given by gavage for
7 days
Phyllanthus fruit extract
(685 mg/kg) or ascorbic
acid (16.66 mg/kg)
given by gavage for
7 days
Pb nitrate increased the amount of chromosome damage in a
dose-associated manner.
Zirconium induced a dose-associated increase in
chromosome damage.
Zirconium exhibited minimal modification of Pb nitrateinduced
damage when administered 2 h before or after Pb
nitrate.
Administering the two together increased the damage.
Pb nitrate increased the amount of micronuclei at both doses
in a dose-associated manner. The 48 h recovery time was
lower than 24 h but still elevated.
Phyllanthus fruit extract reduced the amount of damage at
both doses. Ascorbic acid reduced the damage at the lowest
dose but increased it at the higher dose.
Pb nitrate increased the amount of SCE in a dose-dependent
manner. Pb nitrate had no effect of the proliferative rate
index (consideration of metaphases in different division
numbers)
Phyllanthus fruit extract and ascorbic acid reduced the
amount of damage at each dose.
None Pb nitrate induced micronuclei but they did not increase with
dose.
Pb induced more micronuclei in males than in females.
The ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes
was elevated in Pb nitrate treated cells, but again did not
increase with dose.
None Viability was high (92–96%) at all doses.
Pb nitrate induced single strand breaks but they did not
increase with dose. In fact the 3 highest doses were all
similar in magnitude and less than the 5 lowest doses.
The 5 lowest doses were also similar in magnitude.
Dhir et al. (1992b)
Roy et al. (1992)
Dhir et al. (1993)
Jagetia and Aruna
(1998)
Devi et al. (2000)