Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-57
Citation
Iavicoli et al.
(2004)
Junaid et al.
(1997)
Laughlin et al.
(1987)
Lögdberg
et al. (1987)
Lögdberg
et al. (1988)
McGivern
et al. (1991) †
Nilsson et al.
(1991)
Piasek and
Kostial(1991)
Pinon-
Lataillade
et al. (1995)
Table AX5-4.3 (cont’d). Effect of Lead on Reproduction and Development in Mammals Effects on Females
Species/
Strain/Age
Mouse/Swiss,
33–37 days old
Mouse/Swiss,
adult
Monkey/Rhesus,
adult
Monkey/
Squirrel, adult
Monkey/
Squirrel, adult
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley, adult
Mouse/NMRI,
adult
Rat/Wistar,
10 wks old
Mouse/NMRI,
adult
Dose/Route/
Form/Duration Endpoint
0.02, 0.06, 0.11, 0.20, 2.00,
4.00, 20.00, 40.00 ppm in
food Pb acetate concentration
beginning GD 1 to 3 mo after
birth
0, 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg-d Pb
acetate, subchronic exposure,
5 days/wk, 60 days
Pb acetate in drinking water
at 3.6, 5.9, or 8.1 mg/kg-d for
1–2 yrs; 7 control and 10
experimental monkeys per
group
Pb acetate in drinking water
from 9th week of gestation to
PND 1; per oral exposure
similar to Laughlin et al.
(1987)
Pb acetate maternal dosing
from 5–8.5 wks pregnant to
PND 1
11 control monkeys, 3 low-
Pb exposure group (PbB
24 µg/dL), 7 medium Pb
group (PbB 40 µg/dL, 5 high-
Pb group (PbB 56 µg/dL)
0.1% Pb acetate in drinking
water from GD 14 to
parturition
75 µg/g bw Pb chloride via
i.v.; one time injection on
GD 4
7500 ppm Pb acetate in
drinking water for 9 wks
0–0.5% Pb acetate in
drinking water exposed to Pb
during gestation until post-
GD 60
Increase in food consumption; however, did low-dose group increase food consumption
because of sweet nature of Pb. Body weight may contribute to delay in onset of puberty
and confound results.
Blood Lead Concentration
(PbB)
PbB 0.69, 1.32, 1.58, 1.94, 3.46,
3.80, 8.35, 13.20 µg/dL
Altered follicular development. PbB 22.3–56.5 µg/dL
Reductions in cycle frequency (p < 0.01); fewer days of flow (p < 0.01); longer and
more variable cycle intervals (p < 0.025).
Increase in pre- and perinatal mortality during the last two-thirds of pregnancy;
statistically significant reduction in mean birth weight was observed in Pb exposed
monkeys as compared to controls.
Dose-dependent reduction in placental weight (p < 0.0007); various pathological lesions
were seen in the placentas, including hemorrhages, hyalinization of the parenchyma
with destruction of the villi, and massive vacuolization of chorion epithelium.
Female rats showed delay in vaginal opening; 50% exhibited prolonged and irregular
periods of diestrous and lack observable corpora lutea; both sexes showed irregular
release patterns of both FSH and LH.
Electron microscopy showed that the uterine lumen, which was closed in control mice,
was opened in Pb-injected mice; suggested that Pb caused increase in uterine secretion;
study suggested Pb could have a direct effect on the function of the uterine epithelium
and that Pb was secreted into the uterine lumen and affect the blastocysts.
Decrease in litter size, pup survival, and birth weight; food consumption, body weight,
and fertility were not altered in 20 wk exposure period.
PbB 44–89 µg/dL
51.2 µg/dL (low dose)
80.7 µg/dL (mid dose)
88.4 µg/dL (high dose)
Mean maternal PbB 54 µg/dL
(39–82 µg/dL)
PbB 37 µg/dL (22–82 µg/dL)
24 (22–26) µg/dL (low dose)
40 (35–46) µg/dL (mid dose)
56 (43–82) µg/dL (high dose)
PbB 73 µg/dL
PbB not reported
Maternal PbB >300 µg/dL
Offspring PbB >220 µg/dL
Exhibited reduced fertility as evidenced by smaller litters and fewer implantation sites. PbB 70 µg/dL