Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-54
Citation
Sokol et al.
(1985) †
Sokol et al.
(1994)
Sokol et al.
(2002)
Thoreux-
Manlay et al.
(1995a)
Thoreux-
Manlay et al.
(1995b)
Wadi and
Ahmad (1999)
Wenda-
Rózewicka
et al. (1996)
Yu et al.
(1996)
Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Effect of Lead on Reproduction and Development in Mammals Effects on Males
Species/
Strain/Age Dose/Route/Form/Duration Endpoint
Rat/Wistar,
52 days old
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley,
100 days old
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley, adult
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley, 97 days
old
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley, adult
Mouse/CF-1,
adult
Rat/Wistar,
adult
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley,
neonates
0.1 or 0.3% Pb acetate in
drinking water for 30 days
0.3% Pb acetate in drinking
water for 14, 30, or 60 days
Negative correlations between PbB levels and serum and intratesticular testosterone
values; dose-dependent reduction in intratesticular sperm count; FSH values were
suppressed; no change in LH; decrease in ventral prostatic weight; no difference in
testicular or seminal vesicle weights.
Pb exposed fertilized fewer eggs; increased duration of exposure did not result in more
significant percentage of eggs not fertilized; no ultrastructural changes were noted in
the spermatozoa of animals; no difference in histogram patterns of testicular cells.
Pb acetate in water for 1 wk Dose-related increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA; no effect
on the serum concentrations of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
or LH.
0–8 mg Pb acetate/kg i.p. for
5 days/wk, 35 days
8 mg/kg-d Pb for 5 days/wk,
35 days
0.25 and 0.5% Pb acetate in
drinking water for 6 wks
1% aqueous solution of Pb
acetate for 9 mo
Neonatal and lactational
exposure to 0.3% Pb acetate
in drinking water beginning
PND 1 to PND 21
*Not including effects on the nervous or immune systems.
† Candidate key study.
No effects on spermatogenesis; decreased plasma and testicular testosterone by 80%;
decreased plasma LH by 32%, indications for impaired Leydig cell function, no effects
on fertility.
Germ cells and Sertoli cells were not major target of Pb, accessory sex glands were
target; epididymal function was unchanged; plasma and testicular testosterone dropped
about 80%, plasma LH only dropped 32%.
Low dose significantly reduced number of sperm within epididymis; high dose reduced
both the sperm count and percentage of motile sperm and increased the percentage of
abnormal sperm within the epididymis; no significant effect on testis weight, high dose
significantly decreased the epididymis and seminal vesicles weights as well as overall
body weight gain; LH, FSH, and testosterone were not affected.
Electron microscopic studies did not reveal any ultrastructural changes in the
semiferous epithelium or in Sertoli cells; macrophages of testicular interstitial tissue
contained (electron dense) Pb-loaded inclusions, usually located inside phagolisosomelike
vacuoles; x-ray micro-analysis revealed that the inclusions contained Pb.
Neonatal exposure to Pb decreased cold-water swimming endurance (a standard test for
stress endurance) and delayed onset of puberty in males and female offspring, which
was exacerbated by swimming stress.
Blood Lead Concentration
(PbB)
PbB 34 ± 3 µg/dL or
PbB 60 ± 4 µg/dL
PbB ~40 µg/dL
PbB 12–28 µg/dL
PbB not reported
PbB 1700 µg/dL
PbB not reported
PbB not reported
PbB 70 µg/dL
3ß-HSD, 3ß-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase; dbcAMP, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate; DTT, dithiothreitol; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase; GD, gestational day; GnRH, gonadotropin releasing hormone; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1; i.p., intraperitoneal; LDH, lactate
dehydrogenase; LH, luteinizing hormone; LHRH, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone; LPP, lipid peroxidation potential; NCD, nuclear chromatin decondensation rate; NOS, not otherwise
specified; PbB, blood lead concentration; PND, post-natal day; p.o., per os (oral administration); ROS, reactive oxygen species; SDH, succinic acid dehydrogenase; SOPR, sperm-oocyte penetration
rate; StAR, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; VC, vitamin C; VE, vitamin E; VMA, vanilmandelic acid