Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-50
Citation
Marchlewicz
et al. (1993)
McGivern
et al. (1991) †
McMurry
et al. (1995)
Mishra and
Acharya
(2004)
Moorman
et al. (1998)
Murthy et al.
(1991)
Murthy et al.
(1995)
Nathan et al.
(1992)
Pace et al.
(2005)
Piasecka et al.
(1995)
Table AX5-4.2 (cont’d). Effect of Lead on Reproduction and Development in Mammals Effects on Males
Species/
Strain/Age Dose/Route/Form/Duration Endpoint
Rat/Wistar,
90 days old
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley, adult
Rat/Cotton,
adult
Mouse/Swiss,
9–10 wks old
Rabbit/NOS,
adult
Rat/ITRC,
(NOS),
weanling
Rat/Druckrey,
adult
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley, adult
Mouse/BALB/c,
adult
Rat/Wistar,
adult
0–1% Pb acetate in drinking
water for 270 days
0.1% Pb acetate in drinking
water from GD 14 to
parturition: 8 control litters;
6 Pb acetate litters (5 males
per litter)
0, 100, or 1000 ppm Pb in
drinking water for 7 or
13 wks
10 mg/kg Pb acetate in
drinking water for 5 to 8 wks
3.85 mg/kg Pb acetate
subcutaneous injection for
15 wks
0–250 ppm Pb acetate in
drinking water for 70 days
Pb 5 mg/kg i.p. Pb acetate in
drinking water for 16 days
0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1% Pb
acetate in drinking water for
70 days
0.1 ppm Pb acetate in
drinking water (lactational
exposure as neonates and
drinking water from PND 21
to PND 42)
1% aqueous solution of Pb
acetate for 9 mo
No histological or weight changes in testicle or epididymis; fever spermatozoa in all
zones of the epididymis.
Decreased sperm count (21% at 70 days and 24% at 165 days; p < 0.05); reduced male
behavior (p < 0.05); enlarged prostate (25% increase in weight; p < 0.07); irregular
release patterns of both FSH and LH (p < 0.05).
Immune function was sensitive to Pb exposure; spleen mass was reduced in cotton rats
receiving 100 ppm Pb; total leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, total
splenocyte yield, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin
were sensitive to Pb exposure; reduced mass of liver, seminal vesicles, and epididymis
in males after 7 wk exposure.
Stimulates lipid peroxidation in the testicular tissue, associated with increased
generation of noxious ROS; reduced sperm count, increased sperm abnormality
Increased blood levels associated with adverse changes in the sperm count, ejaculate
volume, percent motile sperm, swimming velocities, and morphology; hormonal
responses were minimal; dose-dependent inhibition of sperm formation; semen quality,
threshold estimates ranged from 16 to 24 µg/dL.
At 20 µg/dL no impairment of spermatogenesis; vacuolization of Sertoli cell cytoplasm
and increase in number and size of lysosomes.
Swelling of nuclei and acrosomes round spermatids; in Sertoli cells, nuclei appeared
fragmented, whereas the cytoplasm exhibited a vacuolated appearance and a few
structures delimitated by a double membrane that contains microtubules arranged in
parallel and cross-striated fin fibrils, cell tight junction remain intact; no significant
change in epididymal sperm motility and counts, testicular blood levels were found to
be elevated after Pb exposure.
No effects on spermatogenesis in all groups; at 124 µg/dL: decreased seminal vesicle
weight; decreased serum testosterone in the 0.5% group at 10 wks; no effects in the
other exposure categories; no effects on serum FSH, LH, nor pituitary LH content.
Reduction in fertility when mated with unexposed females; no change in sperm count;
increase in number of apoptotic cells in testes.
Pb-loaded (electron dense) inclusions were found in the cytoplasm of the epididymal
principal cells, especially in the caput of epididymis, also present, but smaller, in
smooth muscle cells; inclusions were located in the vacuoles, rarely without any
surrounding membrane; similar Pb-containing structures were found in the epididymal
lumen.
Blood Lead Concentration
(PbB)
PbB not reported
Control PbB