Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-45
Citation
Acharya et al.
(2003)
Adhikari et al.
(2000)
Adhikari et al.
(2001)
Alexaki et al.
(1990)
Al-Hakkak
et al. (1988)
Barratt et al.
(1989)
Bataineh et al.
(1998)
Batra et al.
(2001)
Batra et al.
(2004)
Bizarro et al.
(2003)
Boscolo et al.
(1988)
Table AX5-4.2. Effect of Lead on Reproduction and Development in Mammals Effects on Males
Species/
Strain/Age Dose/Route/Form/Duration Endpoint
Mouse/Swiss,
6–8 wks old
Rat/Druckrey,
28 days old
Rat/Druckrey,
28 days old
Bulls/Holstein,
3–5 yrs old
Mouse/
BALB/c,
weaning
Rat/Wistar,
70 days old
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley, adult
Rat/Portan,
8 wks old
Rat/Portan,
8 wks old
Mouse/CD-1,
adult
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley,
weanling
200 mg/kg Pb acetate through
i.p. injection of Pb; one time
injection
0.0, 0.4, 4.0, 40.0 µM Pb
acetate in vitro for 24 and
48 hr
5, 10, and 20 mg/kg Pb in
distilled water by gavage for
2 wks
In vitro fertilization 2.5 or
0.25 µg/mL
0, 25, 50 mg Pb monoxide
alloy/kg in chow for 35–
70 days
0, 0.3, 33, 330 mg Pb
acetate/kg-d in drinking
water, by gavage for 63 days
1000 ppm Pb acetate in
drinking water for 12 wks
10, 50, 200 mg/kg Pb acetate
orally for 3 mo
10, 50, 200 mg/kg Pb acetate
orally for 3 mo
0.01 M Pb acetate twice a
week for 4 wks
60 mg Pb acetate/mL in
drinking water for 18 mo
Testicular weight loss with constant increase in the incidence of abnormal sperm
population; decrease in sperm count; testicular ascorbic acid also declined significantly;
significant rise in LPP of tissue; LPP is indicative of oxidative stress in treated mice
testes.
Germ cells progressively detached from Sertoli cell monolayer into medium in a
concentration and duration dependent manner Viability of the detached cells showed a
decrease with increase in time and concentration of Pb; leakage of LDH recorded at
higher dose of 4.0 and 40.0 µM.
Induced significant numbers of germ cells to undergo apoptosis in the semiferous
tubules of rats treated with highest dose; DNA fragmentation was not detected at any of
the doses; level of Pb accumulation in testes increased in a dose-dependent manner.
Sperm motility reduced significantly at 2.5 µg/mL; lower concentration had no effect
on sperm motility.
Reduced number of spermatogenia and spermatocytes in the 50 mg group after 70 days;
reduced number of implantations after mating (after 35 days exposure).
Increased number of abnormal post-testicular sperm in the highest exposure group;
reduced number of spermatozoa at PbB >4.5 µg/dL.
Blood Lead Concentration
(PbB)
Not reported
PbB not applicable–in vitro study
PbB not reported
PbB not applicable–in vitro study
PbB not reported
PbB 2, 4.5, 7, 80 µg/dL
PbBs >40 µg/dL
Fertility was reduced in males. PbB not reported
Pb in testis and epididymis increased with dose; administration of zinc reduced Pb PbB not reported
levels; dose related changes in activities of enzyme alkaline phosphatase and Na+-K+-
ATPase, which decreased with increased dose of Pb; improvement in activities of
enzymes was seen in groups given Pb and zinc; disorganization and disruption of
spermatogenesis with accumulation of immature cells in lumen of tubule; highest dose
of Pb resulted in arrest of spermatogenesis, and decrease in germ cell layer population;
highest dose levels, damage of basement membrane, disorganization of epithelium and
vacuolization cells; tubules were found almost empty, indicating arrest of
spermatogenesis.
LH and FSH concentrations were decreased at 200 mg/kg; decrease in fertility status at PbB not reported
200 mg/kg; decline in various cell populations at 200 mg/kg; 50 mg/kg group hormone
levels, cell numbers, and fertility status were found close to normal.
Dose-time relationship was found; ROS role. PbB not reported
Increased vacuolization in Sertoli cells; no other ultrastructural modifications; no
impairment of spermatogenesis.
PbB 4–17 µg/dL