Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-43
Citation
Ronis et al.
(1998c)
Ronis et al.
(2001) †
Sant'Ana et al.
(2001)
Singh et al.
(1993b)
Watson et al.
(1997)
Table AX5-4.1 (cont’d). Effect of Lead on Reproduction and Development in Mammals Effects on Offspring
Species/
Strain/Age
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley, adult
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley,
neonate, male
(100 days) and
female pup
Rat/Wistar,
90 days old
Rat/ITRC,
albino (NOS),
6 wks old
Rat/Sprague-
Dawley, adult
Dose/Route/
Form/Duration Endpoint
Pb acetate 0.05, 0.15, or
0.45% in drinking water
beginning GD 5 continuing
until PND 21, 35, 55, or 85;
5 control litters (0%),
10 low-dose litters (0.05%),
8 mid-dose litters (0.15%),
9 high-dose litters (0.45%);
4 male and 4 female pups
per litter
Pb acetate in drinking water
to 825 or 2475 ppm ad
libitum from G'D 4 to GD 55
postpartum; 1 male and
female pup/litter (5 litters per
group) control group, 1 male
and female pup/litter (5 litters
per group) 825 ppm Pb
acetate group, 1 male and
female pup/litter (5 litters per
group) 2475 ppm Pb acetate
group
0.1 and 1% Pb in drinking
water
7 days
250, 500, 1000, and 2000
ppm Pb nitrate in drinking
water from GD 6 to GD 14
Pb in drinking water at
34 ppm from weaning of
mothers through gestation
and weaning of offspring
until birth; 6 pups control
group, 6 pups experimental
group
Dose-responsive decrease in birth weight (p < 0.05), and crown-to-rump length
(p < 0.05); dose-responsive delay in sexual maturity in male (p < 0.05) and female
(p < 0.05); neonatal decrease in sex steroids (p < 0.05); pubertal decrease in
testosterone (male) (p < 0.05) and E2 (female) (p < 0.05); decrease estrous cyclicity at
high dose (p < 0.05).
Dose-dependent decrease of the load of failure in male (p < 0.05); no difference in
plasma levels of vitamin D metabolites; reduced somatic growth (p < 0.05),
longitudinal bone growth (p < 0.05), and bone strength during the pubertal period
(p < 0.05); sex steroid replacement did not restore skeletal parameters in Pb exposed
rats; L-Dopa increased plasma IGF1 concentrations, rates of bone growth, and bone
strength measures in controls while having no effect in Pb exposed groups; DO gap xray
density and proximal new endostreal bone formation were decreased in the
distration gaps of the Pb-treated animals (p < 0.01); distraction initiated at 0.2 mm 30 to
60 days of age.
1% Pb exposure reduced offspring body weight during treatment, no changes observed
after 0.1% exposure; no altered offspring sexual maturation, higher Pb improved sexual
behavior, while 0.1% reduced it; 0.1% Pb caused decrease in testis weight, an increase
in seminal vesicle weight, and no changes in plasma testosterone levels, hypothalamic
VMA levels were increased compared to control group; reduced birth weight and
growth rates.
Significantly reduced litter size, reduced fetal weight, and a reduced crown-to-rump
length, increased resorption and a higher blood-Pb uptake in those groups receiving
1000 and 2000 ppm Pb; these also had a higher placental uptake; however the level was
the same in both groups; fetal Pb uptake remained the same whether or not 2000 ppm
Pb was given to an iron-deficient or normal iron groups of mothers.
Reduced body weight (p = 0.04); parotid function was decreased by nearly 30%
(p = 0.30); higher mean caries scores than the control pups (p = 0.005); pre- and
perinatal Pb exposure had significantly increased susceptibility to dental caries
(p = 0.015).
Blood Lead Concentration
(PbB)
Dams: 0, 48, 88, or 181 µg/dL
Pups PND 1: 120 µg/dL
Pups PND 21: 50, >160, or
~237 µg/dL
Pups PND 35: 70, or
>278 µg/dL
Pups PND 55: 68, >137, or
~380 µg/dL
Pups PND 85: 43, >122, or
>214 µg/dL
PbB at 825 ppm was 67–
192 µg/dL
PbB at 2475 ppm was 120–
388 µg/dL
PbB 36.12 — 9.49 µg/dL or
13.08 ± 9.42 µg/dL
PbB not reported
PbB 48 ± 13 µg/dL