Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-39
Citation
Cory-Slechta
et al. (2004) †
Dey et al.
(2001)
Flora and
Tandon (1987)
Fox et al.
(1991a)
Table AX5-4.1 (cont’d). Effect of Lead on Reproduction and Development in Mammals Effects on Offspring
Species/
Strain/Age
Rat/Long-Evans,
adult
Mouse/Albino
(NOS), ~100 g
Rat/Albino
(NOS), adult
Rat/Long-Evans
hooded, adult
Dose/Route/
Form/Duration Endpoint
Pb acetate in drinking water
(150 ppm); 2 mo before
breeding until the end of
lactation
14 rats no maternal stress Pb
exposure, 15 rats no maternal
stress with Pb exposure, 18 rats
maternal stress without Pb
exposure, 23 rats maternal
stress and Pb exposure
Pb citrate 5 µg/kg-d p.o. from
early pregnancy (NOS) until
birth
Pb nitrate dissolved in water 2–
20 mg/kg-d i.v. on day 9, 10,
11 of gestation; 6 rats in each
group (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg
Pb)
Lactation exposure via dams
exposed to 0.02 or 0.2% Pb in
drinking water from PND 1
through weaning (PND 21)
8 female pups per litter
(number of litter unspecified)
control pups, 8 pups for litter
(number of litter unspecified)
low level exposure pups,
8 pups per litter (number of
litter unspecified) moderate
level exposure pups
Pb alone (in male) (p < 0.05) and Pb plus stress (in females) (p < 0.05) permanently
elevated corticosterene levels in offspring.
Perforations, tissue damage, cell deformity, disordered organization of collagen bundles
found in offspring; reduction in the symmetry of sulphate group of skin pups of mice
exposed to Pb citrate (5 µg/kg-d) throughout gestation exhibited a variety of skin
anomalies, including perforations, tissue damage, cell deformity, and disordered
collagen bundles Pb was found to affect initial genomic expression in embryos fathered
by male rats.
Dose-dependant increase in external malformations at all doses (p < 0.001), particularly
tail defects; dose dependant decrease in number of live births at 20 and 400 mg/kg
(p < 0.001); dose-dependent increase in number of resorptions per dam at #10 mg/kg
(p < 0.01).
Long-term, dose-dependent decreases retinal Na/K ATPase activity in the female
offspring (only female pups were used) (!11%; !26%) (p < 0.05).
Blood Lead Concentration
(PbB)
PbB 30–40 µg/dL
PbB not reported
PbB 13–45 µg/dL
PbB 18.8 or 59.4 µg/dL at
weaning