Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-27
Subject
Exposure
Protocol
Rat, LE, male 750 ppm Pb(Ac) 2
maternally, permanently,
or postweaning only
Monkey,
rhesus
Monkey,
rhesus
Monkey,
rhesus
Monkey,
rhesus,
5–6 yrs
Monkey,
rhesus,
7–9 yrs
Monkey,
rhesus
Monkey,
rhesus
Table AX5-3.4 (cont’d). Summary of Key Studies on Neurobehavioral Toxicity
Pb(Ac) 2 testing first 4 wks of
life
1 mg/kg/d Pb(Ac) 2
PND 5–PND 365
Pb(Ac)2 testing first 4 wks of
life
10 mg/kg/d pulses (2) and
chronic 0.7 for first yr of life
10 mg/kg/d pulses (2) and
chronic 0.7 for first yr of life
10 mg/kg/d pulses (2) and
chronic 0.7 for first yr of life
350 or 600 ppm
in utero
Peak Blood Pb
or [Pb] Used Observed Effects Reference
At PND 100
1.8, 21.3, 22.8,
and 26.3 µg/dL
Maternal and permanent exposure: impaired water maze performance, with
maternal exposure producing both the greatest escape latency and longest
escape path length. No effects on performance in the postweaning exposure
groups.
Kuhlmann et al.
(1997)
35 µg/dL Pb-induced greater agitation, climbing, fear, and exploration of the periphery. Lasky and Laughlin
(2001)
First yr
~70 µg/dL
16-mo PE:
~35 µg/dL
First yr: Pb-induced disruption of social play, and increases in both selfstimulation
and fearful behavior were observed. 16 mo: continued
disruption.
35 µg/dL Few differences between control and Pb-exposed monkeys were seen; less
stability in SNAP performance.
250–300 µg/dL
peak
80 for rest of yr
1–4 wk:
63 µg/dL
5–6 wk: 174
4 yrs: 4
7 yrs: 2
wk 5: 56 during;
remainder of first
6 mo: 33–
43 µg/dL
Pb-induced deficits occurred most commonly with short intertrial delays;
lose-shift errors, possibly due to perseveration.
Chronic L-dopa ameliorated the Pb-induced DSA deficits, which returned
following cessation of L-dopa administration: implicates DA mechanisms in
these impairments.
First 6 wks: Pb-induced lowered muscle tonus and greater agitation, no
effects on sensorimotor measures. PND 14: no Pb-related effects on object
permanence task.
2 mo: Pb-induced decreased visual attentiveness in visual exploration task.
50 and 110 µg/dL At age 12 to 15 mo, the high-dose group exhibited deficits in simple
discrimination learning: both groups showed impairments in the more
complex learning set formation trials; activity at 12–15 mo showed no
Pb-related effects.
Laughlin et al.
(1991)
Laughlin et al.
(1999)
Levin and Bowman
(1986)
Levin et al. (1987)
Levin et al. (1988)
Lilienthal et al.
(1986)